Biculturism and Marginalization Essay Example for Free

Biculturism and Marginalization Essay * Ross-Sheriff (2011) remarked that universal movement designs have * changed as a result of expansive social, political, financial, and ecological * slants and clarified the reasons for the main thrusts were including war, * globalization, urbanization, and changing social standards with respect to social jobs and * duties (Ross-Sheriff, 2011). With these mind boggling patterns of movement * designs, Van Hear (2010) saw relocation as a procedure which was an indispensable part * of more extensive social changes, however which likewise had its own inner elements with * different elements identified with the moving procedure, forming social change in their * own way. Movement was additionally connected in complex manners to class, sexual orientation, age, * ethnicity and other social elements, which were typified in positions in home and host * networks, and in work and local connections, which might all be * changed over the span of the transitory procedure (Van Hear, 2010). To comprehend this perplexing procedure of movement, particularly under changing conditions of one culture to another, it may be helpful to fabricate reasonable instruments for understanding these momentary procedures in relocation considers and in sociology all the more generally (Van hear, 2010). They likewise incorporate intervening specialists and advances that need additionally to be represented, just as crossing points among class, sexual orientation, age, ethnicity and other social breaks just as the primary main impetuses of relocation (Van Hear, 2010). Obviously there were other significant ideas, for example, relations among existence, between elements or procedures and results, and among structure and organization that expected to get consideration (Van Hear, 2010). Be that as it may, it is difficult to talk about all unique hypothetical ideas associated with various kinds of relocation process in the current constrained examination. Or maybe, this examination attempted to concentrate on mental effects, for example, ethnic character and confidence on movement through cultural assimilation forms especially on family-related relocation on the grounds that various examples of movement created various networks and brought about delivering distinctive transient personalities including fluctuating degrees of mental trouble (Jones, 2008). Further, barely any observational examinations have concentrated on vagrant grown-ups populaces. Most vagrants recognizable proof related written works would in general relate more for youths or small kids since character development may be especially testing in this partner, particularly when the qualities and convictions of their natal culture contrasted fundamentally from those of the host society (Sodowsky, Kwan, Pannu, 1995; as refered to in Farver, Narang, Bhadha, 2002). In this manner, this investigation concentrated on ethnic character and self-ID issues of grown-up migrants’ themselves inside a family structure as indicated by various hypothetical models applicable to adjustment of new societies, since family was the fundamental instrument in the general public (Nesdale, Rooney, Smith, 1997). Actually, most social obtaining speculations created and developed in 1990s. at the point when worldwide relocation turned into a key issue in universal legislative issues toward the start of 1990s. As Castle (2002) contended that relocation, advancement and worldwide relations were firmly associated as movement was a main consideration of change for both sending and accepting nations for various kinds of vagrants (Castle, 2002). With this point of view, this examination by and large centered around those relocation culture securing speculations created in 1990 rather then taking a gander at current viewpoints in the latest writings, which really have advanced from these unique hypotheses in 1990s (Castle, 2002). As the discoveries from these exploration considers has had been blended or at times opposing, it was imperative to comprehend the specific idea of the connection between vagrant ethnic distinguishing proof and the cultural assimilation process both should be determined and surveyed appropriately with intelligible estimations and hypothetical suspicions (Nesdale et al. , 1997). Significant hypothetical ideas: ethnic character, cultural assimilation, biculturism, and minimization. As indicated by Phinney (1990; as refered to in Farver, Narang Bhadha., 2002), ethnic personality and cultural assimilation were connected yet separate develops. Ethnic character includes an individual’s self-recognizable proof as a gathering part, a feeling of having a place with an ethnic gathering, mentalities toward ethnic gathering of enrollment, and level of ethnic gathering association (Farver et al. , 2002). The term cultural assimilation was characterized in human studies as those wonders, which came about when gatherings of people having various societies came into ceaseless direct contact with resulting changes in the first example of either or the two gatherings (Redfield, Linton, Herskovits, 1936; as refered to in Birman, 1994). In spite of the fact that cultural assimilation was an impartial term in this specific circumstance (that is, change may occur in either or the two gatherings), by and by, cultural assimilation would in general initiate a larger number of changes in one of the gatherings than in the other (Berry, 1990a; as refered to in Berry, 1997) Berry (1997) contended that in every single plural society, social gatherings and their individual individuals, in both prevailing and non-predominant circumstances, must arrangement with the issue of how to culturally assimilate. As indicated by Berry (1997), four cultural assimilation systems were presented: absorption, partition, underestimation, and coordination. At the point when people don't wish to keep up their social character and look for every day collaboration with other new societies, the absorption technique is characterized. Interestingly, when people place an incentive on clutching their unique culture, and simultaneously wish to stay away from connection with others, at that point the partition is characterized (Berry, 1997). When there is an enthusiasm for both keeping up one’s unique culture, while in day by day communications with different gatherings, incorporation is the choice; here, there is some level of social trustworthiness kept up, while simultaneously looking to take an interest as a necessary piece of the bigger interpersonal organization (Berry, 1997). Last, when there is little chance or enthusiasm for social support (frequently for reasons of authorized social misfortune), and little enthusiasm for having relations with others (regularly for reasons of avoidance or separation) at that point underestimation is characterized (Berry, 1997). Nonetheless, this cultural assimilation classifications model has been reprimanded methodologically (Rudmin, 2003, 2009; as refered to in Schwartz et al. , 2010) in light of the fact that each of the four of Berry’s classifications were spoken to similarly by making the in pairs grid of cultural assimilation classifications among high and low. Be that as it may, the cut off point among high and low was subjective and would vary across tests, making correlations across examines troublesome, bringing about the way that every one of the four classifications existed and were similarly legitimate (Rudmin, 2003; as refered to in Schwartz et al., 2010) and recommending that not all of Berry’s classifications may exist in a given example or populace, and that a few classes may have numerous subtypes (Schwartz et al. , 2010). Specifically, Berry (1997) saw the term â€Å"biculturism† as alluding to cultural assimilation that included the individual all the while in the two societies that were in contact in integrative manners, which gave off an impression of being a reliable indicator of more positive results than the three choices of absorption, partition, or underestimation. Berry and his partners (Sam Berry, 1995) surveyed the cultural assimilation procedures of different worker bunches in North America and the outcomes demonstrated that bicultural people experienced less acculturative pressure, tension and less mental issues essentially, while minimized people endured the most mental pain, incorporating issues with self-distinguishing proof and social estrangement, which unfavorably influenced their confidence (Farver et al. , 2002). In any case, Shiraev and Levy (2007) clarified acculturative worry as an antagonistic inclination that a minimized individual may understanding as a troubling mental response to any new social condition dependent on the supposition that individual and gatherings experiencing any social and social change should encounter a specific measure of mental misery. By and large, numerous early meanings of cultural assimilation concentrated on presentation to two societies at the same time as a culture stun, which was a responsive condition of explicit pathology or deficiency, as opposed to exploiting being bicultural (Berry Annis, 1974; Shiraev et al., 2007). The legitimacy of underestimation as a way to deal with cultural assimilation by Berry (1997) was likewise addressed (Del Pilar Udasco, 2004; as refered to in Schwartz et al. , 2010). Schawartz et al. contended that the probability that an individual would build up a social feeling of self without drawing on either the legacy or getting social settings would be more averse to. The underestimation approach may be genuine just for the little section of transients who dismissed both their legacy and getting societies (Berry, 2006b). In fact, considers utilizing observationally based bunching strategies have discovered little or nonexistent underestimation gatherings and scales that endeavored to quantify minimization normally had poor unwavering quality and legitimacy contrasted and scales for different classifications (Cuellar, Arnold, Maldonado, 1995; Unger et al. , 2002; as refered to in Schwartz et al. , 2010). As portrayed before, the effect of transient ethnic character on mental pain had similarly assorted purposes of perspectives on the off chance that they were either negative or positive responses, contingent upon various hypothetical casings. For instance, Social Identity Theory (Tajfel Turner, 2001) and Self-Categorization Theory (Turner, 1987) underlined more on the significance to people of their relationship with specific social gatherings. Social Identity Theory (Tajfel Turner, 2001;

Contract Law Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Agreement Law Assignment - Essay Example The above components from are clarified underneath. Offer and Acceptance. At the point when one gathering proposes something to another, he is said to make an offer. In the event that the gathering consents to the proposition with no adjustment in it, he is considered to have made the acknowledgment of that offer. Consequently, when the offer is acknowledged in an identical representation condition, an agreement is said to have been framed dependent upon different conditions. This perfect representation rule is important to guarantee that there is an agreement of the topic among the gatherings i.e meeting of the psyches between them. At the end of the day, the acceptor has seen unmistakably what the offeror has implied. This is a target test in English law to decide presence of an agreement. An offer is constantly mistaken for an encouragement to treat. Ads and shows in shops are the models. They are not offers however greeting to treat. An acknowledgment must be inadequate and compa re to what the offeror implies to pass on. A certified acknowledgment turns into an offer and it is for the first offeree to acknowledge or not, any adjustment in the condition. In the event that the certified acknowledgment is acknowledged, the first offeror turns into the offeree and the certified acceptor turns into the offeror. ... Also, not at the hour of receipt of the letter by the offeror. In the event that the letter is tended to erroneously or posted inappropriately, postal guideline won't matter. Agreements can likewise be finished up by fax and the Internet (Salzedo, Brunner and Ottley 2004). In Hyde v Wrench (1840) it was concluded that a counter offer added up to dismissal of the first offer and thusly, ensuing acknowledgment of the first offer didn't tie the offeree. For this situation, the offended party made a counter proposal of ? 950 against the proposal of ? 1,000 by the litigant to sell his ranch. On refusal of the counter offer, the offended party acknowledged the first proposal of ? 1,000 which the respondent didn't consent to. In this way, the offended party brought a suit for explicit execution. It relies upon the wording of the offer and answer by the offeree. In some cases the offeree may imply to make some enquiry regarding the offer made including some counter cost when time breaking po int to acknowledge the offer has not finished (Oughton and Davis, 2000). In such cases, it can't be taken as counter-offer or dismissal of the proposal as held in Stevenson, Jacques and Co v McLean (1880). In Carlil v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co (1893), the litigants promoted offering a compensation to any individual who contracted flu despite utilizing their smoke ball intended to fix the ailment. It was held that the notice was an open offer or one-sided to the entire world and henceforth, any one depending on the offer, purchased the item was qualified for the prize if the item guarantee fizzled. The defendant’s conflict that it was a minor greeting to treat was dismissed. Nonetheless, in Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain v Boots Cash Chemists (Southern) Ltd (1953), it was

Ways to be More Organized with Schoolwork in 2018

Ways to be More Organized with Schoolwork in 2018 (0) While your new year’s resolutions might be to get more sleep or to hit the gym more often, staying on top of schoolwork is another noble goal for the new year. 1. Keep your backpack neat Oftentimes, students fall behind in classes simply because they haven’t organized their materials. In order to prevent this from happening, make sure you keep your bookbag neat. Throw out old papers that are no longer useful to you instead of letting them clutter up your backpack. Also, make sure to keep pencils and pens in a pencil case, rather than shoving them in a side pocket of your bag. 2. Label your supplies In order to stay on top of things, it’s important to carefully sort your school supplies. Come up with a color-coded system for your folders (e.g. red for calculus, blue for physics and green for English) to ensure that your notes stay separated by course. If you want to use the same notebook for more than one course, invest in a notebook with multiple sections and make sure you only use one section per subject. 3. Use a Planner A physical planner is a great place to keep track of long-term assignmentsâ€"as long as you use it correctly. As soon as assignments are handed out (e.g. biology presentation, MLA essay, 10 chapters by next week, etc.), mark them down in your planner. If you have a long-term project or a looming exam, make sure to block off study time in your planner. Google Calendars are another popular tool for keeping track of impending deadlines. Both the old-fashioned and new age ways work as long as you’re consistently using your planner. 4. Make Sticky Note Reminders Stay on top of your work by creating sticky note reminders for yourself. Each evening, write down specific tasks that you need to accomplish the next day (e.g. email your teacher, add that APA website citation to your paper, pick up your book from the library, etc.), and paste the notes onto your mirror or front door. These will serve as reminders when you leave the house in the morning. If you prefer digital reminders, there are apps available for smartphones and computers. 5. Keep a Consistent Schedule Wake up at the same time every morning and go to bed at the same time every night, if possible. Coming up with a consistent schedule will help increase your productivity. Determine what time of day works best for you to study. Some people work best early in the morning, while others like to work well into the night. Find what’s best for you, and get to work! 6. Have a Note-taking System Taking notes in class is a necessity, but every student seems to have a different system. It doesn’t matter which system you prefer (e.g. Cornell notes, Word Notebook, color coding) as long as you’re consistent. Another pro tip: add a date to the top of your notes. Dating your notes will keep you more organized and will ensure that you’re in good shape when it comes time to study for an exam. 7. As Much As Possible, Don’t Procrastinate Maybe this one goes without saying, but don’t save readings for later. If you fall a bit behind, you might find yourself struggling to keep up. Do all of your assignments in advance. Even if you can get away with not having done one day’s worth of work, a day’s worth quickly becomes a semester’s worthâ€"and doing hundreds of pages of reading at the last minute is stressful and unproductive. - If you’ve ever needed an example of MLA format, a works cited page, or wondered what is a bibliography, may be for you! We have citation tools to help you quickly and easily create citations, and guides that help explain the finer points of citing. Check it out today!

Certificate of Entitlement - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 12 Words: 3547 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/09/25 Category Management Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? [pic] FIN3119 RISK AND INSURANCE CERTIFICATE OF ENTITLEMENT (COE) Kim Bit Na |NT080276X | |Ko Sung Kwon |NT080023L | |Lee Han-wei |U054363X | |Lee Jung Min |NT080657J | |Li Rong Yan |U054362L | |Lim Yi Ning |U064324X | |Lim Su Ming Jesselyn |U064833X | |Loo Yan Ling Joyce |U064698L | Content Page 1. Introduction2 2. Certificate of Entitlement (COE)2 2. 1 COE’s Origins2 2. 2 COE’s Open Bidding System3 2. 3 COE’s Determinants3 2. 4 COE Prices4 3. Advantages of COE4 3. 1 Greener Environment5 3. 2 Reduced Traffic Accidents5 3. 3 Revenue5 3. 4 COE Open Bidding System6 3. 4. 1 Greater Transparency6 3. 4. 2 Eliminate Fluctuations in COE Price6 3. 4. 3 Stability in Vehicle Price and Shorter Waiting Period6 3. 4. 4 Secure System7 4. Disadvantages of COE7 4. 1 High COE Prices 7 4. 2 Problems with Biding System8 5. Recommendations8 5. 1 Usage of Electronic Road Pricing (ERP)8 5. 2More incentives for people to take public transport8 5. 3â€Å"Leave Your Car at Ho me† Day9 . 4Encourage Car-pooling9 5. 5Lower Prices by Increasing the Vehicle Quota9 5. 6 Give Subsidies to Lower Income Groups10 5. 7 â€Å"Price Discrimination†10 6. Conclusion11 Appendix13 1. Introduction Demand for cars ownerships will continue to grow among Singaporean because of convenience, flexibility, and social status. Car ownerships have been viewed as a necessity of middle and upper-middle income lifestyle. The proportion of people with aspirations to own cars is likely to grow over time, as education level rises and people start to benchmark their lifestyle options against global standards. Singapore is unique and different from other cities. Car ownership rates in Singapore will always be limited by the fundamental fact that Singaporean does not have a hinterland where they can use their cars outside the city. Hence, there is a need to adopt different approaches in managing the demand for cars and road usage. This brought about the implementation of var ious traffic management strategies; of which, the Certificate of Entitlement (COE), is one of the key pillars of Singapore’s traffic management strategy. This report seeks to understand and evaluate the COE system; and to recommend solutions to improve any ineffectiveness presented in the system. 2. Certificate of Entitlement (COE) 1. COE’s Origins Singapore is a small country with limited space. In order to prevent huge traffic jams, the Government implemented the Vehicle Quota System (VQS). VQS is a system controlled by the Certificate of Entitlement (COE), which aims to control the growth of cars population at 3% annually in order to reduce road congestion. To register a vehicle, would-be owners participate in an open bidding exercise for a COE- the right to own a vehicle. COEs are valid for eight years from the date of registration for taxis, and ten years for other vehicles. There are five categories of COE; the non-transferable categories consist of: †¢ C ategory A  : Cars (1,600cc and below) taxis †¢ Category B  : Cars (1,601cc and above) †¢ Category D  : Motorcycles While the transferable categories consist of: †¢ Category C  : Goods Vehicles and Buses Category E  : Open Category (for any vehicle types) 2. COE’s Open Bidding System The Open Bidding System for Certificates of Entitlement (COE) allows would-be car owners to submit bids for a COE, monitor the Current COE Price and revise the reserve price for their bid from the comfort of their home, office or even while on the go. The COE Open Bidding System is designed to be a simple and easy to use system. It provides would-be owners with real-time information during the bidding exercise so that they can check the current COE price and use it as a reference when submitting or revising their bid. 3. COE’s Determinants Two bidding exercises are being carried out each month where the Government will announce the quota for each of the five ind ividual categories. The quota is based on the road conditions and amount of cars permanently taken off the road in that month; by scrapping, exporting or otherwise. First-time COEs are purchased for a 10-year period, after which car owners may decide to bid for a new COE to keep their vehicles on the road. The renewal can be either 10 years, or 5 years. The difference between the two is that a 10-year COE may be renewed at the end of that term, whereas a 5-year COE may not be renewed. In other words, the vehicle must be permanently taken off the road at the end of those 5 years. 4. COE Prices In mid 2006, COE prices were approximately $900 for motorcycles, $10,000 for small/medium cars and taxis, $11,000 for large cars, $6,000 for goods vehicles and buses and $11,000 for the open category. In the mid- 1990s, the COE prices peaked at around $3,600 for motorcycles, $43,000 for small/medium cars, $66,500 for large cars, $36,000 for goods vehicles and $105,000 for the open category. [i] The vehicle quota premium to register a new car varies from bid to bid. It is dependable on the demand and supply which is influenced by external events such as higher ERP charges, rising inflation, poor economic outlook and increased oil prices. If the amount of people who want to buy a new vehicle is higher than the amount of COEs available in that month, there is a chance that prices of the COE may soar; vise visa. Nevertheless, bidders are only required to pay the lowest successful bid price for their COE; not their individual bid price. 3. Advantages of COE: COE is a necessary evil to the car buying process in Singapore, for it is designed to control the number of vehicles allowed on the roads. It is an integrated part of the Vehicle Quota System (VQS) that has been introduced to control the rapid growth of cars population in Singapore. It helps to control the growth of vehicle population at a rate that is sustainable by Singapores road infrastructure within its land con straint. It has helped eased road congestion by reducing vehicle population growth by nearly half; from 6 percent to 3 percent. ii] Transport Minister, Raymond Lim, has noted that if the quota system had not been introduced, the vehicle population would have grown to 1. 4 million by 2006, instead of the 800,000 recorded that year. [iii] Apart from being the key pillar in Singapore’s traffic management strategies,[iv] the other advantages of COE consist of: 1. Greener Environment From Appendix 1: Table 1. 1, the negative correlation between reduction in density of CO and the constant density of Ozone since the year 2002 shows no relationship between the air pollution and the vehicle population. This relationship can be relate to the development in technology since vehicle companies are pressured by the government and environmental groups to produce environmental friendly vehicles. However, if the vehicle population goes beyond the level of technological development, air pol lution problem will still exist. Therefore, reduced congestion has indirectly benefited the environment. Singapore has been able to remain its good air quality with the Pollutant Standards Index (PSI) in the â€Å"good† range for 95% of the days and in the ‘moderate’ range for 5% of the days in 2007. [v] Singapore’s good ambient air quality is one of its competitive advantages in attracting visitors, investments and talents. 2. Reduced Traffic Accidents Appendix 2: Figure 2. 1 depicts the correlation of vehicle population and accident rate for the past 10 years. There have not been any great differences in each year. However, focusing on the trend, it can be observed that, Singapore government has only been able to reduce the accident rate from 3. 09 per 10,000 vehicles to 2. 32 till year 2005; the accident rate has raise since then. A positive correlation has been observed between the vehicle population and the accident rates in. The population of vehi cles is one of the contributing factors for traffic accidents. With more cars on the road, more traffic accidents are likely to happen. This enforces the necessity of COE to control the growth of vehicles. 3. Revenue COE has also been a source of income for the government. As can be seen from Appendix 3, $1,805,138,000 has been collected from the bidding for COE in 2007; which is reverted to the Singapore government’s national treasury. This has contributed to a large portion to Singapore governments total tax revenue. The government is able to maintain a balanced trade budget without the need to employ debt financing; enabling Singapore’s economy to enjoy steady growth. 4. COE Open Bidding System 1. Greater Transparency The COE Open Bidding System provides greater degree of transparency to the bidding exercise by offering bidders better access to information on the prevailing bidding situation during the bidding process. A bidder may at anytime during the bidding e xercise check on the current COE price in relation to his reserve price. He may then opt out of the bidding exercise once the current COE price exceeds his reserve price. He may also revise his reserve price upwards and continue with the bidding. The system also provides privacy to bidders. The system will not disclose and only allow the bidder to review his/her own reserve price. Furthermore, it will also automatically adjust the bidder’s bid price until the reserve price is reached; thereby bidders are able to delegate the monitoring of reserve price to the system. 2. Eliminate Fluctuations in COE Price The reserve price may only be revised upwards but not downwards. This prevents bidders from submitting initial bids that are higher than what they would be prepared to pay for a COE. Coupled with the nontransferable egulation on new COEs to prevent speculation that has been resulted from the trading in open market for transferable COEs; the probability of wild swings in t he current COE prices during the bidding exercise has been eliminated. 3. Stability in Vehicle Price and Shorter Waiting Period The previous 50 percent of the bid price up front has been abolished. Instead, bidders are only required to pay a fixed bid deposit which remains unchanged at $200 for Category D (motorcycles) and $10,000 for all other vehicle categories no matter what the reserve price is. [vi] This is useful as it leads to fewer fluctuations in the prices of COEs from bid exercise to bid exercise, and thus, more certainty and stability in the prices of vehicles. Moreover, the system opens two tender exercises per month, interested parties no longer have to wait as long as before to participate in the bidding exercise. 3. 4. 4 Secure System Last but most importantly, the COE Open Bidding System is secure. Stratech Systems, the local technology firm that designed and developed the system, has reported that none of the hacking attempts ever got past the first line of defe nse. [vii] 3. Disadvantages of COE: 4. 1. High COE Prices Due to the presence of COE, the price of car in Singapore is higher than any other country. From the result of latest COE bidding, person who buys a new car need to pay additional S$12,500 to the price car. Latest Premium Quota (August 2008 1st Open Bidding) Category |Current Premium Quota | |A (1600cc and below, taxi) |S$12,501 | |B (1601cc and above) |S$12,889 | |C (Goods Vehicle and Bus) |S$12,589 | |D (Motorcycles) |S$1,413 | |E (Open) |S$14,101 | This system creates some problems related to the money itself. For the people with low-income buying a car can be harder with COE. Though the public transportation system is well organized in Singapore, having a car contributes a lot to the family’s welfare. So the high price of car can make low-income people to have a feeling of relative deprivation. 4. 2. Problem in Bidding System The Singapore government launched the open bidding system for COE in April 1st, 2002. I n the system, bidders can see the rate live. And it provides rich people more chance to win the COE, since they can afford higher bidding price. So the system makes low income people to get COE harder. 4. Recommendations: 1. Usage of Electronic Road Pricing (ERP) One of the main reasons for COE to be designed is to control the number of vehicles allowed on the roads, so as to ease road congestion and reduce traffic accidents. Other than charging vehicle ownership to control congestion, the focus can be also shifted to charging for road usage. The Electronic Road Pricing (ERP) system is a good practice to smooth traffic on the road. 2. More Incentives for People to Take Public Transport COE has helped to improve the traffic situation on the road to a certain extend. However, due to the high cost of COE, a lot of lower income people who own vehicles or intend to buy a vehicle are unhappy with the COE system, whereas, people with high income are nearly indifference with COE as they are still able to afford the COE cost. Therefore, the effect of COE to smooth traffic is mainly weight on people from lower income group. To reduce traffic congestion, government can give more incentives for people to take public transport, such as giving transport rebates to households that do not own cars. Besides, more routes should be covered by public transport at day and night, so everywhere can be easily reached at anytime without hassle. Moreover, the frequency of the transport should not be too long. In this way, people would be more willing to take the public transport instead of owning cars themselves. 3. â€Å"Leave Your Car at Home† Day The government should also encourage car owners to take public transport. To do so, campaigns might be organized. For instance, the government could set some days of the week/month to be the â€Å"Leave your car at home† Day. It can also simulate what Beijing government is doing to smooth traffic on the road during Ol ympic Game period. Beijing government instituted a driving ban that based on license plate numbers, only certain cars were allowed to be on the road on certain weekdays. Praiseworthily, the effect was remarkable. This is something Singapore government can learn from. 4. Encourage Car-pooling Sometimes one household can own a few vehicles. Government could encourage car-pooling within one family or among friends. In this way people can share cars instead of everyone owning a car. This would reduce the number of vehicles on the roads as well. 5. Lower Prices by Increasing the Vehicle Quota Due to the vehicle quota set by the government, the bidding price can be very high. A lot of people from lower income group could not bid the COE at their affordable price, and they lose out to the higher income group at the end. As a result, the majority of vehicle owners are people from high income group. This may even cause people from low income group to be unhappy with high income group. COE holds back lower income group of people who may really need a car from owning a car. Some of these people may need to take on high loans and some of young couples may even postpone their marriage or having a baby to own a car. All these social problems are unhealthy to a society. To have a balance between different income groups of people to own cars, government could increase the vehicle quota to a certain limit. So on one hand the competition in bidding for COE would not be too fierce, and this in turn would lower the bidding price. On the other hand, government still has control over the number of vehicles on the road. 6. Give Subsidies to Lower Income Groups To ease the tension between different groups of people, subsidies from government could be provided to lower income group. For instance, government could reduce car ownership taxes and charges or reduce tax burden and upfront ownership costs for lower income group. All this measures could be serving as a kind of relie f to lower income group who still need to own a car. 7. â€Å"Price Discrimination† The implementation of COE is much effective to reduce the number of cars on the road own by lower income group. In order to have the same effect on the higher income group, perhaps, the government could separate these two groups of people by putting them in the different bidding system according to their income level. So that the percentage of vehicles own by different income groups could be controlled by setting vehicle quota for different bidding groups. 6 Conclusion As we all know, demand for car ownerships is increasing, while the land in Singapore is limited. Therefore, it is obvious that traffic congestion is becoming more severe problem which the most of Singaporeans have to face. For this matter, it is one of the most important areas where the government needs to implement effective scheme. The COE system that the government has come up with has implemented to control the growth of cars population. Taken as a whole, the system is an inevitable and essential scheme in the country. Based on its rationale, this is such an ideal system in Singapore where there is limited space for cars to be used. In fact, it has actually helped to reduce road congestion by reducing vehicle population growth. There are also other advantages; a reduction in traffic helps Singapore preserve greener environment which is supported by Pollutant Standards Index (PSI), and it may also mean that there is less probability of traffic accidents. In view of the government, the system is considerably large income source which may contribute to stable growth of economy in Singapore. However, this is not claimed to be a cure-all traffic management strategy since there are number of pitfalls in the system as we discussed above. The biggest disadvantage of the system is the price of COE. There is considerable number of Singaporean thinks that the cost of owning a car is too expensive due to COE . For those people who really need a car to commute between home and work, cannot afford a car since it is too costly. It is huge burden especially for young Singaporeans who have not established firm financial foundation for their living yet as it adds to their cost of living significantly. As a result, average timing of marriage and first birth for the young generation may be delayed. Moreover, the Open Bidding System for COE which is to add some convenience to the bidding process brings about more discrimination against low income group as there is now more opportunities for the rich bidders by watching the rate live. Another point of view in the system, in terms of downside, is that the ownership of the car does not directly relate to the usage of the car. Thus, the system may not actually control the congestion on roads. In order to control actual traffic on the road directly, one of our recommendation is to increase usage of ERP which involves creating more gantries on t he road with higher charges. The system may prevent people from using or owning vehicles but, on the other hand, it may also encourage people to use public transportation. The government should try to improve public transportation, for example, there must be an expansion in MRT net work, more buses must be available during at night, and it may also provide some incentives such as transport rebates to households who do not own cars. It could be more effective scheme with campaigns such as â€Å"Leave your car at home† day or car-pooling. Furthermore, in order to balance between different income groups or to reduce discrimination against lower income group, the government could increase the vehicle quota which would cause a lower bidding price. It also can give subsidies to lower income group and set different bidding price to different income groups. Therefore, considering our recommendations, the government should continue to try to conceive more effective and fairer appro ach to enforce the primary purpose of the scheme. Appendix 1: Table 1. 1: Air Pollution[viii] Appendix 2: Figure 2. 1: Correlation between Vehicle Population and Traffic Accident[ix] Appendix 3: More tax revenue for the government Table3. 1[x] [pic] Table 3. 2:[xi] [pic] From this data, we can approximately calculate the total revenue from this bidding for the year 2007. This table indicates the average price of COE for each category in 2007. To make the calculation simple, we used the price of first bidding only: |? |A |B |C |D |E | |Average($) |14814. 58 |16086. 833 |6666. 4167 |1217. 25 |16481. 75 | This is the registration record for each category in 2007. By multiplying them, we get $1,805,138,000 from the bidding for COE which is reverted to the Singapore government’s national treasury; contributing a large portion to Singapore governments total tax revenue. |? A |B |C |D |E |Total | |2007 |64075 |46331 |11440 |10369 |1316 |133531 | [i] EDM. (2008). Certificate of E ntitlement. Retrieved October 8, 2008, from Singapo †¢ †º †º re The Encyclopedia: https://www. singapedia. com. sg/entries/c/certificate_of_entitlement. html [ii] Lian, G. C. (2007, December 15). COE: Once unloved, now accepted . Retrieved September 23, 2008, from Asiaone Motoring: https://www. asiaone. com/Motoring/Motorworld/Others/Story/A1Story20080110-44439. html [iii] Ibid [iv] Rahman, M. O. -A. (2006, April 7). Singapore Infopedia. Retrieved September 24, 2008, from National Library Singapore: https://infopedia. nl. sg/articles/SIP_1005_2006-04-07. html [v] National Enviromental Agency. (2007, December). PSI Reading. Retrieved September 23, 2008, from National Environmental Agency: https://app. nea. gov. sg/data/psi/doc%5CRegional_PSI_for_2007. pdf [vi] The Automobile Association of Singapore. (2002, April). Motoring News and Car Reviews. Retrieved September 23, 2008, from The Automobile Association of Singapore: https://www. as. com. sg/features/archive/f04 021. htm [vii] Ibid [viii] https://www. singstat. gov. sg/pubn/reference/mdsaug08. pdf [ix] Statistics, S. D. (2007). Statistic. Retrieved September 29, 2008, from Singapore Statistic: https://www. spf. gov. sg/stats/stats_img/traf27_chart02. pdf [x] Singapore, LTA. (2008). Bid Results 2005-2008. Retrieved September 29, 2008, from LTA Singapore: https://www. lta. gov. sg/corp_info/doc/COE_Result_2005_2008. pdf [xi] Singapore, LTA. (2008). New Registration of Motor Vehicles by Quota. Retrieved September 29, 2008, from LTA Singapore: https://www. lta. gov. sg/corp_info/doc/MVP02-1%20(New%20Reg%20by%20COE). pdf Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Certificate of Entitlement" essay for you Create order

A Research On Corporate Finance And The Proposed Ideas On...

Literature Review In recent observation and research, the topic of corporate finance and the proposed ideas on how make them more efficient for professional has been established in each industry and explored further. In the research article, Whither Efficient Markets? Efficient Market Theory and Behavioral Finance (2010), expands on the research proposed that issues in the measurements of markets and theories surrounding behavioral finance can be addressed through policy and proper finance knowledge. The strategy or methodology in which the author illustrates is experimental and expected cause and effect relationship. The supported evidence used in the testing gave background to the subtopic and conclusion question illustrated in week 8. The author used several studies from past industries and decades to illustrate ethical behavior behind investment and the changes in prices. ‘The theory that stock prices instantaneously adjust to reflect new information leads to the view that stock prices are unpredictable and follow a random walk. â€Å"If the flow of information is unimpeded and immediately reflected in stock prices, then tomorrow’s price change will reflect only tomorrow’s news and will be independent of the price changes today (2010). This article contributes to research observed and adds key information to the hypothesis. Similarly, For Darus (2011) and Demuth (2011), the scholarly journals and show the pattern from methodology and approaches to how and why the theoryShow MoreRelatedPayroll Function18463 Words   |  74 Pages 7 The Competence Framework Pyramid 8 Applying the CIPP Competence Framework 9 Evaluation of Payroll Management Competences 2. 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Cost Accounting Past FInal Free Essays

January 10,800 February 1 5,600 March 12,200 April 10,400 May 9,800 The inventory of finished products at the end of each month is to be equal to 25% of the sales estimate for the next month. On January 1, there were 2,700 units of product on hand. No work is in process at the end of any month. We will write a custom essay sample on Cost Accounting Past FInal or any similar topic only for you Order Now Each unit of product requires two types of materials in the following quantities: Material A-4 units Material B- 5 units Materials equal to one half of the next month’s production are to be on hand at the end of each month. This requirement will be met on December 31st, 2012. REQUIRED: a) Prepare a budget showing the quantities of each type of material to be purchased each month for the first quarter of 2013 Question Two (20 marks) KILL Industries use weighted-average process costing to determine the cost of goods manufactured. The firm began the current year with 20,000 units in process, 75% complete. Work was begun on an additional 90,000 units during the period. The period ended with 8,000 units in process, 40% complete. Materials are added at the beginning of the process, labor when the units are 50% complete, and overhead is re sold for scrap at $0. 10 each. Normally, 2% of the units inspected are expected to be rejected. Costs attached to beginning work-in-process were $80,000 for materials, $120,000 for labor, and $150,000 for overhead. Current costs for the period were $371,000 for materials, $475,000 for labor and $865,280 for overhead. One hundred thousand good units were completed and transferred out during the period. ) Prepare a cost of production report for this department using weighted average process costing using the vertical format (as taught in class, not in the text) b) Prepare Journal entries to record the activities for the month Question Three (22 marks) Pfizer-Plow Pharmaceuticals is a major seller of cold remedies. Its product line consists of aspirin, cough lozenges, cold capsules and a nasal spray. The firm manufactures only the cold capsules in Puerco Ricoh. The other products are purchased from firms which specialize in the manufacture of those products: For the first quarter of 2012, management of Pfizer-Plow prepared the following master budget: Sales Aspirin 10,000 cases Lozenges 20,000 cases Capsules 20,000 cases Spray 5,000 cases Total Sales Aspirin Lozenges Spray Manufacturing Costs: Caffeine 40,000 grams 400,000 Antihistamine 60,000 grams 300,000 Aspirin concentrate 100,000 grams 350,000 Direct labor 40,000 hours Overhead (all fixed) 500,000 Total Costs Net Income Through excellent SIT inventory control, the firm was able to keep purchases and production exactly equal to unit sales. The firm uses actual process costing for its manufacturing operation. A summary of the actual results for the first quarter of 2012 follow: Cost of purchases 1 ZOO cases 20,000 cases $200. 00 a case Capsules 2000 cases $310. 00 a case ,000 cases $390. 00 a case Actual Manufacturing costs incurred during the period were: Caffeine 45,000 grams $427,500 Antihistamine 64,000 grams $384,000 Aspirin Concentrate 1 1 5,000 grams 414,000 Direct labor 43,000 hours Overhead 482,000 a) Determine actual cost net income b) Calculate I. Sales quantity variance it. Sales mix variance iii. Sales Price variances ‘v. Material yield variance v. Material mix variance v’. Material price variances c) Reconcile actual net income to the master budget in a single statement, including any other appropriate variances Question Four (12 marks) revived more Buts of heat per cord of wood than any other wood burning fireplace insert or stove. One model, the Heatproof, sells for $1,800, and a new model, the Heat Queen, sells for $1,200. A traditional costing system ‘. The BBC system b) Which system would most likely do a better Job of measuring costs for this product emphasis/keep or drop decision? Explain. C) Franklins controller points out that the BBC information could also be used to identify and eliminate non-value added activities. Explain how BBC and BAM can be used for this purpose. Question Five (18 marks) The steam-generating department of the Sotto Company provides the power necessary to run the machines in two production departments, Pl and UP. Based upon past experience, it has been determined that the total costs of operating the team generating equipment contains a fixed element of $30,000 per year and a variable element of $2. 00 per 1,000 cubic meters of steam. In addition to any allocated overhead costs, Pl has direct fixed overhead of $20,000 per year and UP has direct fixed overhead of $10,000 per year. Direct variable overhead in Pl is $1. 00 per machine hour. Direct variable overhead in UP is $2 per machine hour. Each machine hour in Pl requires the use of 1,000 cubic meters of steam. Each machine hour in UP requires the use of 250 cubic meters of steam. Maximum yearly machine hours in Pl and UP are 20,000 and 30,000, respectively. Under current economic conditions, management expects to utilize 10,000 machine hours in Pl and 30,000 machine hours in UP during 2013. A) Determine the expected 2013 operating costs of the steam-generating department. How to cite Cost Accounting Past FInal, Papers

Ethical Performance Evaluations free essay sample

A performance evaluation is a system designed for a review of an employee’s overall job performance in the position that the employee is performing in. The evaluation is used to maintain or improve an employee’s job satisfaction of the job progress and personal development. Managers are able to determine future training by determining a guide of what has been learned and developed. In the time of an evaluation managers may determine talents and skills that have gone by unnoticed. During a performance evaluation an employee has the opportunity to discuss job interest and job problems with the manager. Ethical Issues Managers face moral and ethical issues when providing performance evaluations to employees. Procedures and actions for accurate evaluations are in need to provide a successful evaluation for each employee. Managers may inflate or deflate employees’ ratings on an evaluation because managers believe that providing accurate ratings may hinder performance or motivation (Pynes, 2004. , Â ¶1). Managers have many reasons for acting in ways towards an evaluation either personal or confrontation issues with employees. Some of these reasons include not wanting to give raises for financial reasons, to give raises for personal reasons even to low performing employees, and to use scare tactics to the hard to manage employees. Performance evaluations can be used as a positive motivator by providing the strengths and weaknesses in an employee. At times managers use evaluations for a power control over employees on how the manager perceives the employee on personal levels of control. Issues occur when an employee may be hard to manage or does not cooperate with a manger due to how the employee perceives the anager. This can cause doubt in the credibility of the manager and the organization. Social Issues and Ethically Responsible Every employee has the need to know how well they are performing in their job responsibilities. This can consist of how well they are doing and what improvements they can commit to ensure company goals is being met. Managers should give performance evaluations in a constructive way to provide accomplishment recognitions and areas of improvement in job responsibilities. Evaluations can at times be unpleasant for the employee if the employee has been discussed with on any improvements needed through-out the time period before the evaluation. An employee wants to know where they stand in the managers views. When an employee receives a good evaluation, this will boost morale with the employee and other employees. Careful planning of each evaluation should be taken in effect to find all aspects of an employee’s performance to be recorded and shown to the employee for errors or accomplishments that have taken place. Key to a successful evaluation is to be prepared. To be prepared for an evaluation for an employee is to plan on a date to give the evaluation by setting a date and time, have all material that will be presented on performance, have all approval signatures from reviews from higher management. Managers should provide specific goal setting with each employee to establish a foundation on performing and accomplishing goals that are set with the employee. Giving feedback of these goals on a daily basis on performance will build up reflection and performance of an employee to the day the performance evaluation is given. Allowing employees to participate in a self evaluation before a mangers evaluation of the employee will give the employee ownership of the evaluation process. Critique of employee should be given on the important aspects and examples of each strength and weakness that has occurred during the time before the evaluation. Employees may become defensive if there is no credibility on what is given to the employee in the evaluation. The raise of a salary of an employee usually has a short term impact on motivation, the overall views of the manager has the greatest and long term impact on the employee to further mprove the employee. Managers should use the 360 degree evaluation process to provide adequate and excise information to each employee. This process involves using multiple sources. The sources consist of peers, direct reports, supervisors, customers, vendors, and human resources. The evaluation is done by the complete circle of sources. The manager’s involvements are to desi gn, gather the information, and communicate the evaluation to the employee. Managers using the 360 process will discover strengths, weaknesses, and expectations that were not known. Overall, this process can allow an employee to become accountable for their own development and growth in the organization (Custom Insight, n. d. ). Ethical Dilemma An ethical dilemma that may occur is when an outstanding evaluation is given and increase is to be given to the employee for the accomplishments that have happened with the performance of the employee. The dilemma occurs when the employee cannot receive the increase in salary due to being at the highest salary possible in the job position that the employee is in. The manager cannot promote the employee due to no available positions in any higher pay grade. The manger comes to the decision of what should be done in this situation. A legal issue that can arise from this situation is that the organizations pay scale is not fair to employees and justifiable to available positions on top performers that may deserve to be promoted. Although an organization is not required to promote employees due to salary caps, but may be lowering moral within the company with the decisions that are being made on available positions in the organization. Finding alternatives to a dilemma will help to make ethical dilemmas be solved. An alternative has the need to minimize harm to stakeholders, uphold values for the situation, and be an excellent solution to the dilemma. Letting the employee know where they stand and how important their role is in the organization will keep the employee motivated to continue doing the great job that is being performed. Notifying the employee on any open positions will help ensure that the employee is kept in mind when a position does come available and that they will have a great pportunity of filling that position. Conclusion Moral and ethical issues in performance evaluations can damage a company if not handled carefully and thoughtfully towards every employee fairly and justifiable. Legal aspects can occur to decisions made incorrectly without support and evidence of the situation. Using a 360 evaluation process can insure that every employee is being treated fairly from sources that work along wit h the employees. Performance evaluations are essential to the everyday process of every employee’s actions and performance within the organization.