Toyota hybrid cars Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Toyota hybrid cars - Assignment Example Various advanced technologies that are utilized by hybrids include regenerative braking which is characterised by the electric motor applying resistance to the drivetrain consequently forcing the wheels to slow down (Fuhs, 2009, p. 73). In response, the energy form the wheels will turn the motor that acts as a generator which converts energy that usually goes to waste during braking into electricity and battery is used for storing the electricity until when it will be required by the motor (Lagunoff, 2008, p. 156). Another technology that is used by the hybrid vehicles is the electric motor assist where the electric motor avails more power to help the engine during acceleration, overtaking or going up a hill. Therefore, a smaller and more efficient engine can be used while in some of the cars, only the motor avails power needed for driving in low speed conditions where internal combustion engines are not very effective. They also employ automatic start and shut off that shuts of the engine spontaneously when the car pulls to a halt and starts it again it when the motorist presses on the accelerator. The automatic start and shut off is important in preventing wastage of energy from idling. Toyota is a leading corporation in manufacturing, assembling as well as supply of cars all over the globe. One of the key reasons for the company’s good performance is the efficient management system that it employs (Czinkota and Ronkainen, 2013, p. 535). There are several other striking attributes that have enabled the company to achieve its place as a market leader. The type of market structure that the company functions in cannot be defined clearly and in some cases, it is considered to be a monopoly. The dominance of the company in the market is what makes the company to be seen as operating a monopoly. The company’s differentiation approach has enabled it to have a monopolistic existence particularly in the emerging nations. Conversely, the

Credit Ratings Role in the Financial Crisis

Credit Ratings Role in the Financial Crisis The global financial systems institutional framework has been evolving over time.Every crisis has helped decipher a gap in the financial structure which is then fixed by the regulating authorities.It hasnt been very often that the regulators were able to identify the gaps before the market identified it.This does not serve the purpose of existence of regulatory authorities.In future the role of regulatory authorities should be pro active in nature rather than reactive mode of undertaking corrective actions. The subprime crisis which originated in the united states led to a global melt down which was severe.The mortgage market in the United States saw a tremendous growth in the initial years of the 21st century. Subprime borrowers started obtaining mortgages due to availability of cheap credit, lenient lending practices and appreciation in real estate values. These mortgages were inturn sold by the lenders to investment banks who packaged them into exotic securities and sold them to high risk taking investors seeking high returns. Investors had faith in these packaged securities primarily because of Credit Rating Agencies (CRA) ratings of these securities as investment grade. In 2007, the tide turned and credit became expensive. Home values dropped. Majority of the subprime buyers started defaulting their loan payments. The CRAs rapidly downgraded all the securities for which they had given favourable ratings. This dissertation is undertaken to understand the emergence of structured financial products, the rating process followed by the credit rating agencies for rating them and the mistakes done by the rating agencies, a major contributor to the subprime mess in the United States which had ripple effect across financial markets all over the world. Literature Review: The following research papers and articles have been referred and reviewed in order to gain indepth knowledge about the work done about the dissertation topic under consideration. This would facilitate a clear understanding of different view points to the issue and enable a comprehensive analysis of the topic. According to V.Gupta, R.K.Mittal K.Bhalla (2010), low interest rates, abundant liquidity and a chase for yield led to the emergence of sub prime lending which was given undue support by the credit rating agencies. Credit rating agencies gave investment grade ratings to securitization transactions based on subprime mortgage loans. The CRAs combined lower rated mortgage loans with equity to form mezzanine CDO enabling a higher credit rating. Also CRAs used the same risk metric for assessment of all instruments. The CRAs assigned supersafe, triple-A ratings to structured products that later turned out to be extremely risky, and in some cases worthless. This has been illustrated with few examples of downgrades.The paper concludes that The regulatory framework should also facilitate the conduct of stress tests by users on key model parameters, and provide for the disclosure by credit rating agencies of the economic assumptions underlying their rating of structured products. According to Katz and Salinas (2009), faulty credit ratings and the flawed rating process have been the key drivers to the financial crisis 2007-2008. While the easy availability of (what turned out to be flawed) ratings fueled the growth of thismarket, the subsequent downgrades in ratings accelerated the markets collapse.The paper suggests that While corporate debt ratings are based on publicly available, audited financial statements, structured debt ratings are based on nonpublic, nonstandard, unaudited information supplied by the originator or nominal issuer. Moreover, rating agencies had no obligation to perform due diligence to assess the accuracy of the information and often relied on representations and warranties from the issuers about the quality of the data, which later proved to be inadequate. The researchers note that the credit rating agencies have always been slow to react to market events and a few examples have been quoted.Few measures suggested by the researchers inc lude managing conflict of interest, better transparency, direct government oversight etc. According to Fender and Kiff (2004) , rating od collateralised debt obligations involves assumptions such as default probability, recovery rates and correlated defaults of pool assets. The research paper analyses one of the rating methodologies used which is termed as Binomial Expansion Technique.A comparative analysis of this method and Monte corlo Simulation is done. The paper elaborates the implications of usage of different techniques on the rating outcomes. It finally discusses how methodological differences might induce issuers to strategically select rating agencies to get CDOS rated. According to Barnett- Hart(2009), Collateralized debt obligations (CDOs) have been responsible for $542 billion in write-downs at financial institutions since the beginning of the credit crisis.The poor CDO performance has been attributed to inclusion of low quality collateral with exposure to U.S residential housing market.The role of CDO underwriters and credit rating agencies in the crisis have been discussed. The credit rating agencies failed to rate the performance of CDOS precisely due to over automation in rating methodologies and heavy reliance on input whose accuracy was not verified. The researcher concludes that by understanding the CDO market meltdown story more effective regulatory and economic policies and practices to prevent history from repeating itself in the future. According to Securities and Exchange commission(2008), few observations about credit rating agencies with respect to CDOS have been made.SEC claims that few credit rating agencies could not deal with the substantial increase in the number and complexity of the CDOS since 2002. Rating agencies failed to document significant steps in rating of CDOS including reasons behind deviation from the models. Also the internal audit procedure of rating agencies varied significantly.The report summarises the remedial actions that the Nationally Recognised Statistical Rating Organisations(NRSRO) would take after the SEC examined them and came up with issues to be looked into. Under the new law and rules, NRSROs are required to make certain public disclosures, make and retain certain records, furnish certain financial reports to the Commission, establish procedures to manage the handling of material non-public information and disclose and manage conflicts of interest. The Commissions rules addition ally prohibit an NRSRO from having certain conflicts of interest and engaging in certain unfair, abusive, or coercive practices. According to Partnoy (2008), Credit rating agencies have been the primary drivers of second level securitisation.Investors did not examine the underlying assets and depended on parameters set by rating agencies to assess the CDOS. If the Credit rating agencies had used reasonable and accurate models and assumptions , the CDO transactions would not have been problematic. The paper suggests some policy prescriptions which include elimination of explicit reliance on credit ratings and the claims made by rating agencies that the ratings are mere opinions should not be accepted any longer. The researcher suggests that rolling average of market measures is a much better representation of the instrument than the unchanged credit rating .Credit default swap spreads would provide a warning about the CDOs and their true performance in the market. According to M.K.Datar(2011), the role of CRAs in the crisis has attracted attention basically owing to the severe downgrades during the initial stages of the crisis. The conflict of interest in the payment model has been discussed and the author suggests that investor pay model should be adopted as the issuer pay model creates a bias as rating agencies might be prone to give good ratings because the issuers are paying for it.An alternative platform pay model has been suggested in the paper wherein an issuer approaches a clearing house (platform) with a preset fee to get a rating. The platform would get the ratings done from a pool of recognised CRAs. This process avoids direct contact between the issuer and the rating agency.The paper concludes that better disclosures by CRAs and their subsidiaries in respect of details of earning from rating and non-rating revenues, default and transition statistics would play a key role in improved governance in CRAs. Problem Definition: The dissertation work is undertaken to understand the reasons behind the emergence of the subprime crisis in late 2000s and the role of credit rating agencies in the crisis.The study is divided into two parts studying the pre crisis and post crisis situations and analysing the change in credit ratings of various complex instruments in response to the crisis. The objectives are briefly stated as below: Understand the evolution of structured financial products Understand the causes of subprime crisis Study the credit rating process for CDOS Study the factors that drove the rapid downgrade of CDOs in the initial meltdown stages Analyse the flaws in the rating process which led to failure in forecasting true performance. Suggestions and corrective action for facilitating accuracy in credit ratings of complex products. Research methodology: Research Design: The method adopted for research is causal research wherein the problem in question is understood and the degree of impact of the cause on the effect under study is analysed. The financial crisis that began in 2007 is studied and the contribution of credit ratings to the crisis is analysed. Credit ratings serve as the control group in this research. Finally suggestions for improvement in credit ratings and measures to be taken are proposed. Methods and Techniques of data collection and analysis: To achieve the research objectives, secondary data from reliable sources are being used. Thorough study of the existing literature is being done to understand different ideas and view points on the topic which would facilitate a comprehensive analysis of the issue. Methodology adopted for rating complex products by leading credit rating agencies has been studied in detail which includes statistical tools and financial models. Data sources: Data is being obtained from various secondary data sources for study and analysis. The major sources used for research are as follows: Credit Rating Agencies websites and reports Banking for International Settlements(BIS) working papers and reports Securities and Exchange Commission reports Journals and papers published on Credit ratings contribution to the Crisis. DRIVERS TO EMERGENCE OF FINANCIAL CRISIS 2007-2008: The financial crisis was fuelled right from the early 2000s through various factors , the most important of which is sub-prime lending. This inturn led to construction of CDOs at a later stage in order to transfer the concentrated risk of banks to the investors . Hence it is vital to get a clear idea about the emergence of sub prime lending and evolution of CDOs . Sub-Prime lending: The sub-prime mortgage market caters to customers who are unable to meet normal credit and/or documentation requirements for mortgages. Subprime lending is riskier than normal lending for the banks. Hence banks tend to charge a higher interest rate to compensate for the risk. Over the past decade, this mark-up over prime rates has been about 2%, making lending potentially very lucrative. Only by the mid-1990s did the subprime mortgage market begin to take off as a number of factors emerged which apparently mitigated the default risk on such loans and hence led to an increasing number of banks lending ever-larger amounts to this sector. Some important factors which contributed to a boom in subprime lending are discussed below. Introduction to Sub Prime Lending: Evolution of Structured Financial Products: Collateralised debt obligations have been one of the complex financial products which have been instrumental in driving the financial system into a crisis. The evolution of CDOs needs to be understood in order to study the emergence of the financial crisis. The basic principle behind a CDO involves re-packaging of fixed income securities and division of their cash flows according to a specified structure. A CDO is constructed by creating a brain-dead company, a special purpose entity (SPE) or structured investment vehicle (SIV), which buys assets and issues bonds backed by the assets cash flows. The bonds are divided into a number of tranches with different claims on the principal and interest generated by the CDOs assets. The mechanics of a typical CDO are illustrated in Diagram A.  [1]   In order to understand the sudden growth in the demand for CDOs which in turn led to the financial crisis , it is vital to list out the reasons behind the growth of CDOs which are as below. Rationale behind growth of CDOs: Securitisation has been a way that helped banks to bundle loans and sell it to investors or make it off-balance sheet items .Once these items are removed from the balance sheet the capital adequacy gets more space and hence banks make new loans and the process continues. This basically facilitates banks to free up cash and easily meet BASEL norms for capital adequacy. The second rationale is re-allocation of risk.CDOs helps banks reduce the concentration of risk and also create securities as per specific requirements and risk profiles of the investors. This facilitated institutional investors to purchase CDOs as they can invest only in highly rated investment grade securities. CDOs allowed these investors to gain exposure to assets that, on their own, had been too risky, while investors looking to take more risk and receive potentially higher returns could buy the most junior or equity CDO tranches.  [2]   These are the major reasons behind growth of CDOs . Banks only thought of their own benefits and growth and the aftermath of this action was left to the market to face in reality few years down the lane . The consequences of this act of the highly knowledgeable financial community has been faced by people across the globe. Credit Ratings and CDOs: An overview Investors invest in securities based on various criteria one such being reliable ratings given by well known credit rating agencies. Credit rating agencies(CRA) were basically formed to guide investors assess risk of fixed income securities. CRAs have played a major role in the growth of CDOs market as investors relied on the ratings given to these complex structures and based their investments majorly on these credit ratings. They used credit ratings in place of their due diligence for assessment of CDOs. Credit rating agencies are approved by Nationally recognised Statistical rating organisation(NRSRO) . There are three well known players in the U.S financial market which are Moodys Fitch Standard and Poors These three agencies rated CDOs and the fees generated by rating CDOs were quite high which led to record profits . The percentage of CDO deals that were rated by the credit rating agencies has been given in the below diagram. Source: UBS CDO research Note: The percentage total exceeds 100 as the same instruments have been rated by more than one agency. Revenue earned by the rating agencies has grown since 2002 which has been depicted in the diagram below: Source:thismatter.com/money According to Mark Adelson, current Chief Credit Officer at SP: The advent of CDOs in the mid-1980s was a watershed event for the evolution of rating definitions. Until the first CDOs, rating agencies were only producers of ratings; they were not consumers. With the arrival of CDOs, rating agencies made use of their previous ratings as ingredients for making new ratings à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" they had to eat their own cooking. For rating CDOs, the agencies used ratings as the primary basis for ascribing mathematical properties (e.g., default probabilities or expected losses) to bonds.  [3]   Credit rating agencies failed to examine the accuracy of the prior collateral ratings. They also used other rating agencies ratings as base for rating CDOS without verifying accuracy.To adjust for the shortcomings in other agencies ratings they used a system called notching where the rating would be decreased by one notch if the rating has been done by another rating agency. For example , if Moodys is rating a CDO which has a collateral rated BB+ by Fitch , Moodys would consider the rating as BB and plug it into their rating model. No analysis of accuracy had been done and it would be assumed that the notching would compensate for any errors in the rating done by Fitch. Figure below illustrates a comparison between the collateral ratings and the corresponding CDO ratings at the beginning and also the current scenario. This shows that the CRAs somehow gave huge amounts of AAA rated CDO securities from collateral with much lower ratings, reassuring the fact that that main reason why CDOs were so profitable in 2005-2007 is that it was possible to generate a high proportion of highly rated securities from lower quality assets. That practice backfired, resulting in massive downgrades of the CDO tranches as it became apparent that the rating agencies had been overly optimistic. While in 2005-2007, the initial ratings given to CDO tranches were on average better than the ratings of their underlying collateral assets, current CDO tranche ratings are worse than their associated collateral pool ratings which is an area that needs attention. The following figure shows the downgrades of CDOs over the years. The numbers on the y-axis correspond to the rating scale with lower numbers equal to higher-quality ratings (1=AAA, 22=D). An overview about the credit ratings and CDOs has been done. The following section elaborates the rating methodologies adopted by the rating agencies which have different variables considered for the purpose of rating the complex financial instruments and the assumptions behind them. CDO Rating Methodology: CDOs are based on portfolios of instruments combined together and not on a single loan. Rating these complex structures requires ascertaining a probability of default (PD) to each instrument in the portfolio and involves assumptions relating to recovery rates and default correlations. Thus it combines credit risk assessments of the individual assets and estimates about default correlations using credit risk modelling. There are two widely used methodologies for rating CDOs namely: Binomial expansion technique Monte Carlo Simulation Each method is discussed initially and then a comparison is done between the techniques and their impact on the ratings. Steps in the Rating Process: The reliability of a CDO rating depends on the agencys ability to assess the credit risk in the underlying asset pool and accurate modelling of the distribution of cash flows from the asset pool to different groups. All rating agencies generally follow a two stage rating process. In the first stage, analytical models are used to assess credit risk. The tools applied for analysing CDO pools differ according to the nature of underlying assets and are also based on the rating agencies. The second stage of the process comprises of structural analysis. This stage involves detailed modelling of cash flows, legal assessments and evaluations of third parties involved in the deal such as asset managers. The results of the cash flow analysis are used as input in the credit model in the form of adjustments in particular model assumptions. Finally, all information is aggregated and combined into a single, alphanumeric rating which is benchmarked to the historical performance of bonds. RATING METHODOLOGIES: The famous CDO rating methodology is based on Moodys quantitative approach for determining expected losses for CDO tranches which is called the binomial expansion technique (BET). BET was introduced in the year 1996 and is still used in CDO analysis along with a number of other new methodologies. The method relies on the use of diversity score (DS) which is used to map the underlying CDO portfolio with a hypothetical portfolio that consists of homogeneous assets equal to the diversity score. For calculating expected loss distributions a simpler hypothetical portfolio of homogeneous, uncorrelated securities is used in place of the original portfolio. As the number of assets in the hypothetical pool is assumed to equal the diversity score, it will be lower than the number of assets in the actual CDO portfolio to account for uncorrelatedness under the BET. Given the homogeneous nature of the hypothetical portfolio, the behaviour of the asset pool can be explained by DS+1 default scenarios with default occurring for 0 assets, 1 asset, DS assets, where the probability of each scenario is calculated using the binomial formula. After working out the cash flows and losses under each default scenario, the obtained output from the binomial distribution are converted into estimates of the portfolio and tranche loss distributions. An alternative method that is used in by three major rating agencies is Monte Carlo simulation technique which estimates the default properties of the underlying CDO asset pool based on repeated trials of random defaults with correlation structure that is assumed. In this process, default events are simulated within a credit risk model, where default occurs when the value of assets fall below that of its liabilities. The models main inputs are asset-level probabilities of default and pair-wise correlations of assets, which are converted into an estimate of the entire pools loss distribution. This distribution is used with other inputs, to determine the required subordination level (level of credit enhancement) for each CDO tranche, where desired tranche ratings are assumed constant or given.MC approaches give more accurate loss distribution estimates, they are computer intensive and take a long time to provide accurate results. Especially for cash flow CDOs it is very difficult to co nstruct an efficient MC simulation that accounts for all cash flow nuances .Sometimes it takes hours for an MC simulation to determine the subordination level for an AAA tranche and this can be complicated when further assumptions are made. In managed portfolios, the relative value of the simulation approachs asset-by-asset analysis is less while some of the BETs implicit simplifying assumptions (like equal position sizes) closely resemble typical covenants in managed deals. The choice of rating methodology basically considers a trade-off between accuracy and efficiency, and the result may differ for certain types of CDO structures. This is one of the reasons for Moodys to introduce a new Monte Carlo simulation-based method called CDOROM to rate static synthetic CDOs, while it continues to use the BET and its modifications for rating cash CDOs and managed structures.

Voltaires Candide Essay -- Voltaire Candide Essays

Voltaire's Candide Throughout the novel, Candide, Voltaire repeatedly exploits the nature of humans to consider other's situations and lifestyles to be better than that of their own. Voltaire uses Candide's journeys to portray the human assumption that the grass is always greener on the other side. This theme is shown in Candide's strife for companionship, his experience with wealth, and his interaction with other characters. The situations that develop the theme do so in such a way that the reader is able to understand and relate to the aspirations of Candide. The first element used to convey the fact that Candide looks at others situations sees what he would like to have is in his journey to find the ideal companion. Throughout his adventures, Candide comes upon many different men with many different companionship situations. For example, during Candide's time with Count Pococurant, Voltaire indicates to the reader that Candide is impressed with the count's two women. (118) The amazement and awe by Candide is answered with an explanation from Count Pococurant that shows that he is happy with them, but is becoming tired of their presence. (118) Voltaire strongly appeals to the reader with this scene because mankind places male/female companionship as a top priority of life. Psychologists have classified human companionship as one of the most essential sociological needs of mankind. This is confusing to Candide's because Count Pococurant is unsatisfie...

The Scope Of Computing And Information Technology Developments Education Essay

Calculating and information engineering is a really dynamic, invariably germinating country with advanced applications emerging on a day-to-day footing. Some like the World Wide Web have led to rapid planetary acceptance and cardinal alterations in the manner people do concern and carry on their lives. These developments are frequently represented, peculiarly in the popular media, as the consequence of great penetrations or flashes of inspiration. The fact that these penetrations by and large occur to people who have spent considerable clip in painstaking systematic survey and probe is less by and large appreciated. It is hence of import that pupils shiping on a calling as computer science and IT professionals are given a clear apprehension of these developments in their socio-economic, historical and ethical context along with a house foundation in the cardinal professional accomplishments that will assist them lend efficaciously to its hereafter development. This unit aims to suppl y anchoring in cardinal professional based accomplishments such as the comprehension, analysis, rating, and recording of information, information determined decision-making, and the design of appraising probes in the context of some of the most exciting current developments in calculating and IT. The importance of professionalism, honestness, unity, equity, due attention, and attending to item is emphasised throughout. Purposes of the Unit The purpose of this unit is to present pupils of the range and scope of calculating and information engineering developments and give them an apprehension of the basic rules, cognition, tools and techniques necessary for the development of professional self-managed pattern in calculating and information engineering and to supply the support and counsel that will enable them to aquire assurance in planning and pull offing their work both separately and jointly as portion of a group. The accent of the unit will be on understanding calculating and information engineering as a professional subject with the regard of, and duties to, the general populace, relevant governments and the profession. Equally good as developing apprehension of personal and group direction skills the unit will supply experience in their application by presenting pupils to the rudimentss of systematic probes, informations aggregation, analysis, rating and presentation. Specifically, the unit aims to: aˆ? provide pupils with a wide cognition of the range of the field and its current developments and their socio-economic, historical and ethical context ; aˆ? give pupils a general grasp of the value of criterions and experience in interpretation, using and measuring conformity to peculiar criterions ; aˆ? familiarise pupils with techniques for efficaciously pull offing squad and group based work ; aˆ? aid pupils get liberty in pull offing their ain acquisition and supply experience in techniques of personal clip direction ; aˆ? introduce the basic constructs of systematic probe and job resolution ; aˆ? assist pupils in understanding computer science and information engineering within its socio-economic, historical and ethical context. aˆ? explain the importance of academic unity and how to guarantee that their ain work avoids charges of misconduct Learning Results Knowledge and Understanding Having successfully completed the unit, pupils will be able to show cognition and apprehension of: Socio-economic, historical and ethical context of calculating and information engineering ; The design, analysis and rating of systematic probes ; Academic and professional unity. Intellectual Skills Having completed this unit, pupils will be able to: Evaluate paperss in footings of their intent, construction and manner ; Pose appraising inquiries and invent just agencies for proving them ; Assess the veracity of information in a assortment of signifiers ; Set particular, mensurable, accomplishable, relevant and clip related marks separately and in groups ; Practical Skills Having completed this unit, pupils will be able to: Develop certification in conformity with a given house manner. Present informations and statistics to efficaciously convey information ; Interpret the degree of assurance informations provide for a hypothesis ; Movable Skills Having completed this unit, pupils will be able to: Demonstrate organizational and clip direction accomplishments ; Work with others to accomplish common ends Efficaciously present fresh thoughts to an audience of their equals ; Take effectual notes from spoken and written presentations ; Keep a portfolio that efficaciously records indispensable information related to their survey and pattern. Appraisal of the Unit Weekly Lecture Reflections and semester 1 accomplishments activities ( 36 Markss ) Students will enter their contemplations from the CCP lectures throughout the semester utilizing the templet provided. This will be looked at on a regular basis by the coach. Students will be expected to grounds completion of specific tutorial activities from the CCP and other units in their portfolio. Brooding Commentary ( 12 Markss ) . Students will be expected to reflect on their strengths and failings and place their short/medium/long term ends and how they have been able to accomplish them, to day of the month. Marks will be awarded for the critical rating of their advancement and personal development for semester 1. Integrated appraisal ( 15 Markss ) this constituent will be assessed as portion of the incorporate appraisal in hebdomads 13, 14 & A ; 15. Personal Development Plan ( 12 Markss ) . The pupil will get down a personal development program at the start of the unit, and the coach will discourse it sporadically throughout the unit with the pupil. It will be assessed sporadically throughout the two semesters. Group Report and Presentation in little groups ( 25 Markss ) . Students will be formed into groups and carry on an probe into a given subject and compose a formal study, every bit good as give a presentation on the subject that they have investigated utilizing techniques introduced in the unit. Feedback Feedback will usually be given to pupils 15 working yearss after the entry of an assignment. Introduction to Analyzing the Unit of measurement Overview of the Main Content Finding relevant beginnings of information in the library and on the cyberspace Analysis and rating of papers architectures and manners Comprehending, analyzing and measuring documental beginnings of information Effective note taking and journal maintaining Techniques for personal planning and clip direction Group work direction techniques – consensus edifice, goal-setting, guaranting committedness and conformity covering with struggle Asking appraising inquiries and finding a just trial Planing questionnaires and interviews Analysis of questionnaire informations Effective presentation of informations and information Academic unity, house manner, mentioning and referencing of beginnings Overview of Types of Classes There will be a one hr talk followed by a two hr tutorial in semester one and two hr tutorials in semester two with some one hr talks. Lectures will chiefly concentrate on presenting pupils to some of the broader issues in calculating and information engineering and will besides move as a ‘laboratory ‘ in which pupils can experiment with developing effectual note taking accomplishments. Tutorial clip will be divided between working on single and group undertakings, exercisings and whole category activities and one-to-one support Sessionss with the coach. Students will be encouraged to develop a personal development program and single support Sessionss will be organised around these programs. Importance of Student Self-Managed Learning Time The unit introduces a figure of techniques and accomplishments based exercisings that need to be practised on a regular footing for the pupil to be able develop competency and go skilled practicians. It is of import that pupils pattern these techniques in all their acquisition throughout the hebdomad. The personal development planning and one-to-one support Sessionss with there coach will assist pupils be after and pull off their clip efficaciously. Employability Professional behavior is cardinal to gaining the regard of employers and co-workers and the basic accomplishments and good wonts developed in this unit are extremely regarded by employers. In peculiar, being able to pull off their ain clip and work efficaciously in groups and squads is often cited by employers as an of import differentiator when choosing staff. Bing able to show competency in these countries therefore clearly improves a pupil ‘s opportunities of gaining and retaining good employment chances. The Programme of Teaching, Learning and AssessmentWeek Get downingSemester Week NumberLectureAppraisal Points27 Sep 2010 1Introduction to the unitProfessionalismSemester 1 Begins04 Oct 2010 2 Library Information Skills 11 Oct 2010 3 Personal Development Planning 18 Oct 2010 4 Can my electric refrigerator talk to my rinsing machine? 25 Oct 2010 5 Identifying your accomplishmentsPDP reappraisal by coachs01 Nov 2010 6 Learning Manners 08 Nov 2010 7 Note-taking & A ; analyzing 15 Nov 2010 8 Assuring Academic & A ; Professional Integrity 22 Nov 2010 9 Critical ReviewPDP reappraisal by coachs29 Nov 2010 10 Effective Writing 06 Dec 2010 11 CV Preparation 13 Dec 2010 12 CommunicationReflection & A ; Activities20 Dec 2010 27 Dec 2010 03 Jan 2011Christmas holiday10 Jan 2011 13 Integrative Assignment 17 Jan 2011 14 Integrative Assignment 24 Jan 2011 15 Integrative AssignmentSemester 1 terminals31 Jan 2011 1 Integrative AssignmentSemester 2 Begins07 Feb 2011 2 Assuring Academic & A ; Professional IntegrityGroup Work hand-out14 Feb 2011 3 Report WritingPDP reappraisal by coachs21 Feb 2011 4 Making the most of your clip at University 28 Feb 2011 5 Importance of p/time and impermanent work 07 Mar 2011 6 Puting it all together ( using for occupations ) 14 Mar 2011 7 Placements 21 Mar 2011 8 28 Mar 2011 9PDP reappraisal by coachs04 Apr 2011 10 11 Apr 2011 18 Apr 2011 25 Apr 2011Easter Vacation02 May 2011 11 Bank Holiday Monday 09 May 2011 12Group Work Presentations16 May 2011 13PDP Hand-in23 May 2011 14 Semester 2 tests, hebdomad 1 30 May 2011 Recess Week 06 June 2011 15 Semester 2 tests, hebdomad 2 REMEMBER – Your coach on this unit is besides your personal coach for the first and 2nd old ages of your class.Hand OutHand InMarksTimeDescriptionS1W1 S1W12 36 % 16 hours Study Skills appraisal and activities S1W1 S1W12 12 % 4 Contemplation on personal development to day of the month S1W13 S1W14/15 15 % TBD Integrative appraisal component S2W2 S2W12 25 % 8 hours Group work probe and presentation. S1W1 S2W13 12 % 4 hours Personal Development Plan ( PDP )The tutorial activities that should be included are:Information Searching Skills – completed undertakings with replies History of Calculating article and feedback ( Fintan Culwin ) Mail Merge ( photocopy of pronounced assignment and feedback from BAD unit. Students non making the unit should make the undertaking and subject the work as portion of the portfolio ) Short-term/medium-term/long-term targets/goals Weekly contemplation on all the talks, utilizing the given templet. Integrated Assignment In hebdomads 13 – 15 you will set about an integrative assignment. The bulk of the work for this will be group-based, and will measure larning in: Computer and Communications Architecture, Commercial Information Systems Development, Quantitative Analysis/Methods and Computing Culture and Practice units. Additionally there will be an single component in hebdomad 12 necessitating you to take one of a figure of occupations and fix an application. The stuff in the booklet will be of aid in all parts of the assignment but peculiarly with the occupation application. The assignment is deserving 60 % in entire for all four units ( 15 % for each unit ) . Contemplation and PDP Students should be able to show they have successfully planned their personal development. The pupils should supply a comprehensive list of strengths, failings, chances and menaces in a broad scope of relevant countries and be able to utilize their experiences whilst set abouting the first twelvemonth to successfully be after their personal development. There should be grounds of periodic reappraisal of their PDP and indicant of their advancement. 0 – 3 Minimal attempt – small grounds that PDP is understood, with limited efforts at placing their ain personal development 3 – 6 Some grounds that PDP is understood, with limited efforts at placing their ain personal development. 6 – 9 Clear grounds of comprehension of PDP, presented in a clear and systematic manner. Some work that goes beyond what has been introduced in the unit. 9 – 12 Excellent grounds of comprehension of PDP. Planned for their initial and/or go oning personal development and reviewed their pattern and evidenced from a assortment of beginnings. Student Evaluation By and large the pupils found the unit utile for fixing for them for theirstudies at university and besides for work. Learning Resources Core Materials Tony Buzan The Buzan Study Skills Handbook. BBC Active, 2006 S. Cottrell The Study Skills Handbook. Third Edition. Palgrave, 2008. L. Lee Davis Developing Work and Study Skills, First edition, Thomson Learning, 2007. G. Fairbairn & A ; C Winch Reading, Writing and Reasoning, Second edition OUP, 1996. A. Britton & A ; A Cousins Study Skills: A usher for womb-to-tomb scholars The Distant Learning Centre, London South Bank University, 1998 N Stanton Mastering Communication Palgrave Macmillan, 1996 Cameron, Sheila Skills Business pupil ‘s enchiridion: Learning accomplishments for survey and employments. 3rd Edition, Prentice Hall, 2005 McMillan, K & A ; Weyers, J The Smarter Student, First Edition, Prentice Hall, 2006 Jay, Ros & A ; Jay, Anthony Effective Presentation, 3rd edition, Prentice Hall, 2004

Principles of Providing Administrative Services Answers

Unit two: Principles of providing administrative services Section 1 – Understand how to make and receive telephone calls 1. Complete the table below with descriptions of at least two different features of a telephone system and how / when they would be used. Feature| How / when used| 1. Answer phone| This is usually accessed by pressing the number 1. It enables you to access messages left to you by others| 2. Conference calls | This makes it possible to speak to more than one person simultaneously. | 3. Do not disturb| This blocks calls to an extension or particular telephone line until the block is removed. Blocks are usually activated and deactivated by pressing a number of keys on the phone's keypad. | 4. Transfer| This enables you to transfer a caller to another extension. | 2. Prepare a brief report advising people on: * How to follow organisational procedures when making and receiving telephone calls * The purpose of giving a positive image of yourself and your organisation when making and receiving telephone calls. If possible, use specific information from procedures in your own organisation (or one that you are familiar with). Making call:Identify the purpose of the call .Confirm the name and number of the person to be contactedMake contact with the personCommunicate information to achieve the purpose of the callProject a positive image of myself and my companyReceiving calls:Answer the phone according to my organisation’s proceduresProject a positive image of myself and my companyIdentify the caller, where they are calling from and what they needProvide accurate and up-to-date information whilst protecting confidentiality and securityTransfer calls where requestedTake messages according to the caller’s needsIt is important to give a positive image of myself and my organization when making and receiving telephone calls . If I present in a negative manner then the customers would not like to talk with me and wouldn’t have nothing to do with my organization. It can affect company business.Section 2 – Understand how to handle mail1. Explain the purpose of correctly receiving, check ing and sorting mail and packages (both incoming and outgoing). Professional handling of mails is very important for an organisation. Improper handling of mails could result in lost customers, lost money and inefficient business.This can be due to loss of vital documents, delays in mails, delivery to wrong person, inefficient service delivery, payment being lost etc. It is important to follow the correct procedures for receiving, checking and sorting incoming and outgoing mail or packages. If a mistake is made then someone may be waiting on the arrival of an important document and it may go to the wrong person, or even go missing completely. People who are responsible for mail always should ensure that mail and packages are directed to the appropriate person.They should make sure that mails are delivered to correct person as soon as possible. This is very important in business environment.2. Complete the table below with the following information:At least two examples of internal ma il services that are available to organisationsAt least two examples of external mail services that are available to organisations Internal mail services| External mail services| 1. Envelopes – Internal mail is often sent in unsealed, A4-size envelopes . If the mail is confidential, the envelope will be sealed and marked with a confidential label.1. Royal Mail – is the best known external mail service|2. Intranet- it can be used to circulate internal mail electronically|2. DHL -is a leading courier in the UK and around the world|3. Describe two methods that you can use to calculate postage charges for mail and / or packages. Before sending a postages we need to classify them according to the importance and urgency. For important and urgent postage we can use first class postage and for the less urgent post we can use a second class postage. We can use service providers information to work out charges.If we need to send an item and guarantee it will be delivered the nex t working day or the same day or if a mail needs to be sent on recorded delivery we have to look for postal charges and the time within which the mail will be delivered. The ways how we calculate postage can be different. For Royal Mail we can find prices online. We have to choose if our postage is a letter, large letter or packet. We should know how much weigh our postage has and enter this information (some offices should have a set of postage scales for weighing letters and packages and a cardboard size guide).Next we need to choose which delivery options we want (for example next day delivery). Except the Royal Mail we can find a lot of couriers which we can use, for example DPD, DHL, TNT UK Express Service.Section 3 – Understand how to use different types of office equipment1. Describe the main types of equipment found in offices and how they are used. Include examples of at least three different types of office equipment. Nowadays offices use a large and varied amount o f equipment to complete everyday tasks efficiently and effectively. The main ones found in most offices are: computers, printers, photocopiers, faxes, telephones.Some offices and other business may use additional specialist equipment, depending upon the nature of the business and the needs of the staff. Examples include: Dictaphone equipment for recording the text of letters and reports, scanners, video recording and presentation equipment, specialist printing and binding equipment, special telephone headsets for telemarketing staff. Computers- are used for a large amount of based tasks for example: produce reports, allow access to the Internet (internal and external communication tools-email), accounting and publishing etc. Printers – are used to produce copies of documents.Fax machines are used to send message (it could be text, graphics or images) using a telephone line. Scanners are used to scan documents onto the computer.2. Explain the purpose of following manufacturerà ¢â‚¬â„¢s instructions when using equipment. Manufactures’ instruction are for a reason. If people follow the basic instructions then and the equipment will last longer. It is important that people know how to use this equipment in order to remain safe and healthy and keep risk to a minimum. If instruction are followed people may sure that they do not do anything that may harm themselves or others.If equipment is used correctly is more efficiently. If equipment is used incorrectly then the job it is designed for may not get done, or it may be done badly or it may take far longer to complete. People need to follow instruction for better maintenance. It could help using equipment for maximum period of time. If the equipment has a breakdown within a guarantee / warranty period it will be far more difficult to have it replaced or repaired if it has not been used according to manufacturers’ instructions.3. Explain the purpose of keeping equipment clean, hygienic and ready fo r the next user.When using equipment in the workplace it is important to keep it clean and well maintained. It is very important especially when equipment is shared with other people. It helps to keep better hygiene for employees – clean equipment minimises the spread of infections and germs. Regularly cleaning equipment can mean that it will last we longer and save our money as well as producing a higher quality result. Cleaning equipment after use can lead to less problems and increased efficiency. It is also courteous to clean something after we have used it to make it ready for the next user.If people are sharing workspace with others it is good practice to leave the area clean and organized. If one person is always cleaning up after everyone else, this person can become demotivated and annoyed. We can do this by working in an organised tidy manner, storing equipment safely and cleaning it with the appropriate products. We can minimise the number of germs on your keyboard by not eating or drinking at your desk. Food and drink should be kept well away from any equipment in case anything gets knocked over and causes damage.Section 4 – Understand how to keep waste to a minimum in a business environment .1. Explain why waste should be kept to a minimum in a business environment. It is very important to keep waste to a minimum in the work place. The more we waste, the more money it is going to cost the company. Companies have procedures like recycling which helps to keep our workplace tidy whilst saving money. Keeping waste to a minimum in the business environment decreases the amount of waste a business contributes to the environment. Reducing waste is key to minimizing business's environmental impact by reducing air and water pollution and limiting the amount of material that ends up in landfills.Reducing waste can also serve to save a business money. Keeping waste to minimum it's cost-effective, saves money, and saves the environment. It is ver y important because too much waste can have consequences for the long-term viability of the business.2. Identify at least two main causes of waste in a business environment. Waste is unfortunate consequence of business everywhere. In a business environment very common waste is a paper waste. This is because printers at work generate a lot of waste paper. People can print unnecessary things and do too many copies.A lot of things which people print contain very little information, so we can try to write them down on a scrap paper instead of printing them. Waste of energy – when leaving the office some people leave lights on, they do not switch of computers, etc. Waste of electricity is a huge in business environment. Waste power it means also increased carbon emission into the atmosphere which is not very good for our environment.3. How can you keep waste to a minimum in a business environment? Describe at least two ways of doing this. People can keep waste to a minimum in a bu siness environment by doing even small things.We could stop printing unnecessary thing, make notes using printed paper, use the copier for necessary numbers of copies. This can help to reduce amount of paper needed for business and save trees. By turning off the lights when leaving we save energy, company saves money and we help to reduce carbon footprint. Company can ask employees to clear their desk periodically to look for excess pens, sticky labels and other supplies. This allows the company to save money as it does not need to order larger than necessary amount of new office supplies.Section 5 – Know how to make arrangements for meetings1. Complete the table below listing at least two different types of meetings and describing the main features of each type of meeting.Type of meeting:Main featuresBoard meetingManagement meetings of the board of an organisation attended by directors. The meeting is convened to report results, set policies, scan for needed changes, etc.Con ferencesUsually for large audience to share information, work through strategies and tactics.Shareholder MeetingsAnnual general meeting which is convened to making decisions.In this type of meeting annual reports are distributed to shareholders. They make decision about the future of the company. | 2. When arranging a meeting:What sources and types of information are typically needed?How should meetings be arranged?Types of information typically needed when arranging a meeting consist of:Who needs to attend (the attendance list),When it should occur (the date of the meeting, the start and finish times of the meeting),The main resources required.It can also consist of:The venue of the meetingThe agenda of the meeting.The meeting should be arranged by doing checks on resources needed, venue, whether refreshments are needed, arrange and circulate agenda, invite attendees and information on special needs. Arranging a meeting is all about preparation and ensuring that everything is ready before the meeting starts.Section 6 – Understand procedures for organising travel and accommodation arrangements1. Explain the purpose of confirming instructions and requirements for business travel and accommodation. The purpose of confirming instructions and requirements for business travel and accommodation is not to make an error.It is better to ask twice and make sure that everything is prepared according to the instructions. The mistake could cost a lot of money and be waste of time. Even small misunderstanding can lead to significant problems for example: it could be two cities with the same name but in different parts of a country. Asking about the city which we are interested in helps to avoid misunderstandings.2. Complete the table below with an outline of the main types of business travel and accommodation arrangements that may need to be made and the procedures that should be followed when doing this.Travel and accommodation arrangements| Procedures| Booking plan e ticket| We need to check if a travelling person has required documents , for example passport for international flights. We need to check if destination place has good access to the airport or if there are any disruptions i. e. heavy snowfall, staff strike etc . which can affect the flight. | Accommodation booking| We need to know if it is one day or overnight business meeting. If there is overnight we need to know how many nights people need to stay. There are different types of overnight accommodation available from bed and breakfasts to hotels.We need to know if for example an evening meal may be required. | Booking train ticket| When booking a train ticket we need to make sure that there is a rail service in a place where we desire to go. We should check the arrivals and departure times to optimise our travel and save time. |3. Explain the purpose of keeping records of travel / accommodation arrangements in a business environment. Purpose of keeping records of travel/ accommod ation arrangements is important as it helps company to have important information about travel process, in this way the business can build up a knowledge bank and some expertise in its travel arrangements.By keeping financial records company can account all the money which being spend on travel and accommodation. * If company keeps good record is easy to retrieve information even in case when people arranging the travel are unavailable. Keeping good record helps company to look for ways of improving travel and accommodation bookings.Section 7 – Understand diary management procedures1. Briefly explain the purpose of using a diary system to plan activities at work. Give at least two reasons. Diary system is very important for planning and time organisation. Diary system helps to record employee activity and the resources that employees need.It helps planning activities that people can get involved with. Using the diary system employees know where they should be or what they sho uld be doing at particular time. Diary system can keep a record of scheduled business activities such as meetings and appointments. Without diary system is very easy to forget about the important meeting. Diary system can keep records of the use of shared resources – things such as rooms, equipment and vehicles. Without diary system rooms could be double-booked.2. Identify the information needed to maintain a diary system in the workplace.The information needed to maintain a diary system in a workplace is determined by the nature of what is being recorded. In general, when thinking of the information needed to maintain a diary system, consider the 5 Ws – who, what, where, when and why.Section 8 – Understand the purpose of delivering effective customer service and how to do so1. What are the differences between internal and external customers in a business environment? Internal customers are individuals and teams within the business who receive the output of comp any’s work, it could be other departments of company using services.External customers are people or businesses that are not within the same company that pay for services or products. They are individuals outside the business you work in who receive the product or service that the business produces .2. Explain why customer service should meet or exceed customer expectations. Include at least three reasons in your answer. When we are able to accurately identify customers' expectations, our customer service reputation will automatically be enhanced. When we meet customers’ expectation customer will be satisfied. By meeting customers’ expectation we are not doing more than customers expected.When we exceed customers expectation customers will be delighted (of course we have to exceed an customers expectations in a positive way). It means that business benefits above are even more likely to be achieved. Good customers service by meeting and/or exceeding customer exp ectation can give company a lot of benefits. One of the benefits is a chance that a new customer can transform to loyal client and also can recommend our business to others. Good customer service could build a sense of trust. When we ensure good customer service it could increase sales, company growth and provides good publicity.3. Explain the importance of building positive relationships with customers. Outline two ways in which this can be achieved. Positive relationship with customers are very important for a company. Positive customer relations makes customers feel important and connected to the company. With a positive relationship both parties have mutually beneficial outcomes. The key factors which contribute to positive relationships are: respect, trust, communication, focus, clarity. There are a few ways how to achieve positive relationship with customers. We can make it easy for customers to contact us.It is also very important to resolve customer complaints quickly and co mpletely. We should remember to always be very helpful. Positive relationship with customers we can achieved by giving the customers more than they expect and carefully listen to them. By giving more we can positively surprised our customers. Careful listening should help us to understand customers expectations better. It is also very important to not make promises unless we keep them.   4. How do customers demonstrate their own needs and expectations? The best way how customers can demonstrate their own needs and expectation is via feedback.Customer feedback is an information about customer perception. The Information comes directly from customer about the satisfaction or dissatisfaction they feel with a product or a service. It shows what customers think about business and if business thinks about them. There are a lot of types of customer feedback. It can be formal or informal, , focus groups, feedback forms and customer surveys, customer research and customer complaints. Analysing a customer feedback helps identified what needs to be improved and also helps to identify customer expectation.Section 9 – Understand the purpose of reception services and how to follow reception procedures1. What is the purpose of the receptionist role as the first point of contact in a business environment? In many companies a receptionist is often the first point of contac t in a business. A receptionist is responsible for any incoming customers or callers with the company. It is often the receptionist's role to ensure that all of these callers and customers are taken care of and that a good business image is given to the public. Receptionists are given the responsibility of meeting and greeting customers, clients or other visitors.If a customer is treated in a rude way by the receptionist, it is likely that they will have a negative image about whole company and may not return. Receptionists greet people both in person and on the telephone. Every company should have trained staff to answer the telephones in a professional and welcoming manner. This means the person assigned in the receptionist role is the individual that gives the first impression of the business to those that make contact, and first impressions are essential.2. Describe how a receptionist can present a positive image of themselves and the organisation and explain why this is importa nt.In most companies, the receptionist is responsible for the first impressions people have of a company. The receptionist should always project a professional image and make a great first impression on everyone. They should give a positive image of themselves and their organisation in order to attract and retain customers and to ensure customer satisfaction. If the receptionist is warm and friendly, people perceive that company is open and easy to work with. If receptionist is cold and unprofessional, people can think that the company is unprofessional and unpleasant to work with.Receptionist’s professionalism represents company’s brand. To properly reflect this brand receptionists must represent companies through their appearance, behaviour, attitude, business manners and communication skills.3. In relation to your own organisation (or one that you are familiar with), explain what must be done when carrying out entry, departure, security and confidentiality procedure s in a reception area. The company which I work for with does not have a receptionist. A reception area is very small and is used rather like an entry point and waiting area for guests.All guests have to use intercom in order to get enter to the building and only authorized staff can let them in. All staff is trained to not let in people from outside the company and the rules about guests are very clear. Because the company is away from the city centre and because of the specific industry, there is a small number of people who visit the company therefore there is no receptionist. Company does not require from guests to display identification cards when inside the company but there is a requirement that someone from the staff has to be with them during their visit.Sound spreads and threatens confidentiality in reception and waiting areas. To ensure confidentiality we are forbidden to talk about any confidential information near reception area or to bring any confidential documents to this area. This procedure is in place to ensure that no patient or hospital information (which are confidential) is revealed to any outsiders visiting my company. Once you have completed all 9 Sections of this Assessment, go to www. vision2learn. com and send your work to your tutor for marking.Explain the purpose of confirming instructions and requirements for business travel and accommodation:Its the teachers unions.Teacher quality is all over the place. Its too easy to become a teacher. One doesn't really need to stay up on current procedures or materials. Just a few weeks ago my 5th grader had a substitute teacher who stated out loud â€Å"I haven't been trained on any of this common core math stuff† and went on to describe a science project in terms of an old school salt and ice based ice cream maker that none of the kids had ever seen or likely will ever see.My son's former nanny became an elementary school teacher with a 4 year degree unrelated to education and six we eks of taking tests. She's a very nice girl, but she's not a very good teacher.So of course when our education system costs so much and produces lousy end results, the government and leadership in the education system want to test the kids to identify those iffy teachers and ones that aren't trained properly. We could do it on the front end and only qualify good teachers with good training. But the teachers union resists those efforts. As it stands right now in my home state, neither the schools or the teachers are responsible for the outcomes of the standardized testing. But the children are. I've gotten my son's tests. He got good scores, but the scores he received in subcategories aren't consistent with his high and low skill areas. So the test is very inaccurate.Beta testing curriculum and tests on kids where the grownups involved duck the responsibility. Letting people teach with poor skills and abilities. Unions protecting the poor performers and the processes allowing them en try. Governments pushing bogus testing that doesn't show accurate results.What you'll see around this comment will be a litany of teachers saying they should just be allowed to teach inside a magic box where what they do is not visible. Just trust them. And a suggestion that they be paid more so that experts in their respective fields will become teachers. Probably bad teachers.

Get Hired Faster What to Do When You Interview [Infographic]

Get Hired Faster What to Do When You Interview [Infographic] We all know what to do when we go on an interview- right? Dress up, say hello, give a firm handshake. There’s actually a lot more that you can do before you even pull on a suit and walk through the door. For starters, it helps to put some time in. Find out what you can about the company- that can lead to insightful interview questions during the actual interview. Then you can even plan out your trip to the interview, including the route and parking.It never hurts to investigate the people you’re interviewing with, too. There are also some dos and don’ts, from dressing appropriately (a plus) to leaving your cell phone on (a minus).Then, remember essential politeness. Be kind- to everyone and remember names. Be specific and be positive, and understand what the post-interview timeline is.Need some helpful interview reminders? Use this helpful infographic: [Source: Akkencloud]

Rhetorical Analysis The Pack Rat among Us

Rhetorical Analysis The Pack Rat among Us Summary of the Article The article under consideration entitled â€Å"The Pack Rat among Us† is written by Laurie Schutza. Schutza dwells upon a very disputable issue, i.e. hoarding. The article starts with a description of an average hoarded house. The author does not only depict the house, but reveals her ideas and emotions when she is inside the house (305). Schutza then tries to understand why people become the so-called ‘pack rats’.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Rhetorical Analysis: â€Å"The Pack Rat among Us† specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The author assumes that things help people to cope with such problems as loneliness, fear, etc. The author argues that people are often attached to things as they do not have close relations with people. The author also claims that hoarding is a very extreme case, but she also notes that almost all people have certain traits assigned to pack rats. The author mentions people’s desire to use things as a kind of material memories. The author then tries to define the origins of people’s desire to hoard. Schutza notes that the origins of this trait can go back to pre-historic times when people had to accumulate things to survive as their future was really insecure (305). However, the author also claims that the instinct has become a kind of pathology as people now live in the world of ‘wants’ and not in the world of ‘needs’ (Schutza 306). The author states that people living in the throwaway world are simply driven to accumulate items which they do not even need. For instance, the author mentions such ‘drivers’ as shops, e-commerce, and even garage sales which make people become compulsive buyers and eventually hoarders. Thus, Schutza warns the reader that each individual can turn into a hoarder so it is necessary to remain reasonable. The author concludes that pe ople are â€Å"just a few steps away from the inhabitants of the house on the hill† where the house is a metaphor which stands for hoarding (309). Intended Audience and Purpose for the Essay The intended audience the author addresses is, in fact, each individual living in the throwaway society. The author asks: â€Å"how far removed are we, the consumers, from this tendency to collect and save?† (Schutza 306). However, it is possible to note that the author addresses Americans in particular: â€Å"America has become a nation of mass consumers† (Schutza 306). The author addresses the consumers with one major purpose. She wants to prevent people from turning into the pack rats. The author concludes that â€Å"a little â€Å"pack rat† resides in all of us† (Schutza 309). It is possible to assume that the entire article is a depiction of threats which can haunt big pack rats. So, the article is a warning to the consumers who are reasonable enough to re main humble pack rats. Schutza’s Support Strategies The author uses three support strategies: examples, evidence and appeals. The author begins her article with a colorful example. She depicts a hoarded house, which is one of her personal experiences as she states:† [i]t is also the home of people I love† (Schutza 304). It is necessary to add that there are other instances of the use of this support strategy. Apart from the author’s personal experience, she uses other examples.Advertising Looking for critical writing on rhetoric? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For instance, the author provides particular examples of the way to accumulate (or rather acquire) things. Thus, the author mentions â€Å"Sam’s Club and Costco,† â€Å"[g]arage sales, resale shops, flea markets, and antique malls,† and â€Å"Antiques Roadshow† (Schutza 307). It is necessary to point out th at these examples make the article more intimate. In fact, people tend to believe particular examples from real life rather than rely on vague assumptions. However, apart from examples, the author uses another support strategy, i.e. Schutza provides evidence. For instance, the author does not simply reveal specific examples from real life settings. She also makes her article plausible and reliable with the help of specific data. Notably, each of her claims is supported by another study or work. For instance, Schutza refers to several academic works revealing meaningful data: â€Å"more than 1.4 million homes in the United States alone are †¦ hoard homes† (qtd. in Schutza 305). Therefore, the author supports her claims referring to other reliable sources. It is important to add that these references make it clear that the issue discussed is really important as it is being discussed and analyzed. Finally, the author also resorts to the use of appeals. She puts rhetoric que stions: â€Å"aren’t we attached to our possessions to a certain extent?† (Schutza 309). The author also puts very important questions to be answered by every individual: â€Å"Do we really need everything we buy and save?† (Schutza 306). These questions make people more involved. The reader does not simply reads an interesting article. The reader inevitably tries to answer the questions put by the author. Admittedly, this technique helps the author to reach the major aim of writing: people are made to think over important issues. Of course, it is also necessary to add that the combination of the three support strategies makes the article so appealing, plausible and involving. Schutza, Laurie. The Pack Rat among Us. Inventing Arguments. Ed. John Mauk and John Metz. Boston: Wadsworth Cengage Learning, 2009. 304-309. Print.

Learning He, She, or It in English

Learning He, She, or It in English English grammar states that people are referred to as he or she and that all other objects are referred to as it in the singular or they in the plural. In many languages, such as French, German, Spanish, etc. objects have gender. In other words, things are referred to as he or she. English students quickly learn that all objects are it, and are probably happy because they dont have to learn the gender of each object. I live in a house. Its in the countryside.Look at that window. Its broken.I know thats my book because it has my name on it. He, She or It With Animals When referring to animals we run into a problem. Should we refer to them as he or she? When speaking about animals in English use it. However, when speaking about our pets or domesticated animals, its common to use he or she. Strictly speaking, animals should always take it, but native speakers generally forget this rule when speaking about their own cats, dogs, horses or other domestic animals. My cat is so friendly. Shell say hi to anyone who comes to visit.My dog loves running. When I take him to the beach, he runs for hours and hours.Dont touch my lizard, he bites people he doesnt know! Wild animals, on the other hand, usually take it when spoken about in a general way. Look at the hummingbird. Its so beautiful!That bear looks like its very strong.The zebra in the zoo looks tired. It just stands there all day long. The Use of Anthropomorphism Anthropomorphism - Noun: The attribution of human characteristics or behavior to a god, animal, or object. You often hear wild animals referred to as he or she in documentaries. Wildlife documentaries teach about the habits of wild animals and describe their lives in ways humans can understand. This type of language is referred to as an anthropomorphism. Here are some examples: The bull stands his ground challenging anyone to a fight. He surveys the herd looking for a new mate. (bull - male cow)The mare protects her foal. She keeps a look out for any intruder. (mare - female horse / foal - baby horse) Anthropomorphism is also used with some vehicles such as cars and boats. Some people refer to their car as she, while sailors commonly refer to ships as she. This use of she with some cars and boats is probably due to the intimate relationship people have with these objects. Many people spend hours with their cars, while sailors can spend most of their lives aboard ships. They develop a personal relationship with these objects and give them human traits: anthropomorphism. Ive had my car for ten years. Shes part of the family.The ship was launched twenty years ago. Shes sailed around the world.Toms in love with his car. He says shes his soul mate! Nations In formal English, especially in older written publications nations are often referred to with the feminine she. Most people use it in modern times. However, its still quite common to come across the use of she in more formal, academic or sometimes patriotic settings. For example, some patriotic songs in the USA contain feminine references. The use of she, her and hers is common when speaking about a country someone loves. Ah France! Her bountiful culture, welcoming people and amazing cuisine always call me back!Old England. Her strength shines through any test of time.(from Song) ... bless America, land that I love. Stand beside her, and guide her ...

Valuation of Common Stock Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Valuation of Common Stock - Essay Example Also, the company may be able to attract better personnel as the company will be able to offer stock options. Stock options have the potential to substantially gain in value. In addition, generally the personnel will not have to invest as much of their own money in the company (The Advantages and Disadvantages of Going Public online). Also, Citrus Glow International will promote the company. In general, publicly traded businesses are more widely known than non-publicly traded businesses. The business gains publicity and an image of stability through trading publicly (The Advantages and Disadvantages of Going Public online). Going public requires a time commitment in setup and in statutory compliance. In addition, it will take the business owners' and managers' attention away from the everyday management of the company (The Advantages and Disadvantages of Going Public online). Also, going public requires money. The business will need to pay for the time spent on compliance. In addition, the business will need to pay legal counsel when setting up and maintaining the public offering (The Advantages and Disadvantages of Going Public online). Moreover, there are many new legal obligations. These include keeping stockowners informed about business operations, management, legal issues, financial standing, and business costs. Company time and money will be spent dealing with these and additional compliance issues (The Advantages and Disadvantages of Going Public online). Liability issues may arise if the business does not comply (The Advantages and Disadvantages of Going Public online). Lastly, gaining public shareholders may reduce a business owner's control over the company. This is especially true if shareholders are given approval power over business actions (The Advantages and Disadvantages of Going Public online). I agree with Lisa and Joe that Citrus Glow International needs to stay ahead of the game with competitors coming up with substitute products and hence the need to issue IPO. I do not agree with Dan that Citrus Glow International outsource the production and concentrate on its marketing efforts. This is because I agree with Matt that the success of the firm has come from its quality and that would likely be jeopardized if the firm lets others produce the product. However, I agree with Dan's point that the issuance of IPO would result in a loss of control. But as Matt said correctly, the firm can still retain control of a large portion of the shareholding and still raise the much-needed cash. QUESTION 2 The Corporate Value Model suggests that the firm's value is the sum of its discounted free-cash flows. Free cash flows are estimated by subtracting the firm's net capital investment from the year's net operating profits after taxes (NOPAT) and are discounted at a suitable risk-adjusted discount rate (weighted average cost of capital). The firm's equity

Porters generic strategies for Glaxo Smith Kline Essay - 1

Porters generic strategies for Glaxo Smith Kline - Essay Example lities refer to its ability to retain talent, ability to innovate new product, ability of learning from past experiences, ability to improve efficiency, ability to identify target customers etc. Pharmaceutical giant GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) started its operation in 1715. Today it is one of largest and oldest companies in the world. GSK’s headquarter is located in UK and its operation is based in US. As far as company’s human resources is concerned there are 99,000 people in more than 100 countries working in GSK (GlaxoSmithKline, n.d.). GSK is a financially sound organization. Last year company’s total turnover was 24 billion euro. Company’s strong financial condition can be further justified by the fact that every hour GSK spend around US$562,000 in finding new medicines. As far as infrastructure is concerned GSK has more than 100 sites in 68 countries. Being the second largest pharmaceutical company GSK has been successfully aligned all its resources to its business strategies. Currently company is focusing on three major strategies that it has adopted. These three strategies are, growing a diversified global business, delivering more products of value and simplifying the operational model. Company is utilizing its vast pool of human resources in order to build a diversified global business. Apart from human resources GSK is one of the largest users of IT which helps the company in order to achieve its objectives. According to the company IT plays important strategic roles as it facilitates access to global information. IT also facilitates global communication which is crucial in case of mergers and acquisitions. According to GSK, IT enables the extension and transformation of major business activities. IT supports major operational processes at all level of operation starting from local to global (GlaxoSmithKline, n.d.). As a res ult it is quite clear that IT helps GSK in the process of simplifying its business model. GSK give huge importance to its

Helping out Older People who do not have Children Essay

Helping out Older People who do not have Children - Essay Example These old people need a lot of support and giving them the support makes them happy and they get to enjoy life to the full just like they used to enjoy when they were young. Doing this work brings a lot of joy and memories into their world, and satisfaction and happiness in mine. Â  When people grow old the need for long-term care certainly grows. The longer they (old people) live, the more likely they fall prey to chronic diseases. This works gives me the opportunity and honor to help the needy in one way or another and ensuring that they do not lack anything in their lives that I can afford to give especially company. Â  Watching old people struggle to make ends meet hence making out a living in the cruel world made me volunteer into helping them. Some of these old people had children who died and others had no chance of having any more of them. Helping the old people feels great as they are a bunch of blessings to many. Being an old person who does not have children brings a lot of happiness to them as they take you to be as their own child. They need constant care because many people have neglected them and do not want to be associated with them. They are either left on their own or thrown away in the streets. This leaves them in a bad situation and many of them if they fail to get the care they die due to stress or chronic diseases. Â  The benefits of helping out the old people are many. The benefits are to the caregiver and the person who is being taken care of.

Credo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 10000 words

Credo - Essay Example His love never ceases and His hope remains with us, even in the darkest hours of our uncertainties, trials and tribulations. This is my journey, and this is my credo. Contents Dedication Preface Introduction Dedication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 Preface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11 My belief in One God . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12 My understanding of Jesus Christ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19 The Holy Spirit and the Trinity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25 Soteriology: my understanding S .G. S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55 APPENDIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dedication For my mother Leonne Renazile who is a keeper of the faith and constantly praying for her children and never or neither ceases nor tires to bring them one by one, to the throne of grace. She is a champion of the faith who loves the Lord with all her heart and might. She is also a mother who loves and loves and loves again all her children. G. Herard For my husband Evrard Herard whose love and understanding has been a source of comfort, joy and encouragement to me and who has given me much more. G. Herard Many and great, O God, are thy things Maker of earth and sky; Thy hands have set the heavens with stars; Thy fingers spread the mountains and plains. Lo, at Thy Word the waters were formed; Deep seas obey Thy voice. Grant unto us communion with thee, Thou star abiding one; Come unto us and dwell with us; With thee are found the gifts of life, Bless us with life that has no end, Eternal life with Thee. Dakota Indian Hymnal, Joseph Renville, 1842. Preface The nature of my experience at NYTS! It is often noted, that the love of God has no comparison and that His ways of touching lives has always appeared to be a mysterious event which many of us call â€Å"miracles†. As much as I think that I am in full control of my actions, I always have to come to terms about someone else much greater than myself, someone who has my best interest in mind, and who made promises to guide me and my ancestors from generation to generation. Someone who promised to never leave me nor forsake me as long as I keep on trusting in Him and allowing Him

New Pharmaceuticals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

New Pharmaceuticals - Essay Example Secondly, the labeling of the drug is verified and its contents are determined. Thirdly, the methods of manufacturing adopted are verified for their effectiveness in retaining the drug’s â€Å"identity, strength, quality and purity† in adequate measures. The NDA has been so designed as to reveal the whole history behind development the drug such as animal studies, human clinical trials, mechanism of action of the drug on the body, methods of manufacture and packaging (NewDrugApplication). Development Process Discovery or invention of a new drug usually involves selecting a few say five out of more than 5,000 new compounds that are considered safe enough to conduct trials in humans and pre-clinical evaluations lasting for three to six years. From the five compounds selected, only one is approved by the FDA for introduction in the market for treatment. The research process involves the following sequence; Target identification, target prioritization/validation, lead ident ification and lead optimization. Once the drug is optimized through in vivo and in vitro studies involving animals, it is used in human volunteers as an investigational drug. There are a number of phases of testing of drug on humans consisting of Phase I Clinical studies, Phase II clinical studies, Phase III clinical studies, Phase IIIb/IV studies and Post Approval studies. Phase I meant for verification of safety and tolerability in humans lasts for six to nine months. Usually 20 to 100 healthy volunteers are given the investigational drug for a short term for documentation as to how the drugs is absorbed, distributed, metabolized in the body and excreted from the body. Phase II determines the effectiveness and further safety of the candidate drug on the humans. This phase would last for a period of six months to three years. In Phase III, the drug undergoes randomized and blind clinical trials involving several hundred to thousands of volunteering patients for whose diseases the d rug is intended. Phase III b is usually the immediate pre-approval stage. Post approval stage involves testing of the drug introduced in the market focusing on unknown side effects and other risk factors (PPD). Cost of development It has been estimated that new drug discoveries have increased human life expectancy and economic gains from new drugs are estimated to be more than $ 500 billion per year. In view of the above said prolonged development phases, a company has to incur costs not less than $ 800 million to $ 2 billion per drug. In once instance, Pfizer has reported an investment of $ 800 million for Phase III trials alone for one drug. The cost is huge because the U.S. F.D.A. approves just one drug out of five compounds selected out of 5,000 to 10,000 compounds originally studied. It takes at least 12 to 15 years for discovery and development of a drug. Though the patent period is 20 years for a drug, effective period available to the drug developer is hardly 12 years in vie w of the time consumed in the developmental period when the drug developer is allowed to use the drug along the way on volunteers (Masia n d ) Works Cited Masia, Neal. The Cost of Developing a New Drug, Focus on Intellectual Prperty Rights. n.d . 27 March 2011

The Key Aspects of Marketing and Sales Professionals Essay

The Key Aspects of Marketing and Sales Professionals - Essay Example Clients on the other hand look for quality products and services that meet their needs. This paper aims at discussing some of the key aspects of marketing and sales professionals. During the marketing process, salesperson sometimes pushes products. It is worth to note that consumers are not always aware of the importance of some services and products. In such cases, consumers offer resistance as the salesperson takes an effort to sell to them. This implies that a salesperson must push for the sales of a product using five major steps. The first step is to promote a product. As a result of the promotion, an opportunity to sell the product emerges. The second step is making a representation. This involves providing a customer with details of the product including the terms of payment and price. Thirdly, the salesperson makes a proposal to the customer in order for him to purchase the product. After addressing the objections that arise, the salesperson makes a sale. Before pushing a product, one should first identify the problem being faced by the consumers and then provide a commodity that fixes their problems. During pushing of products the type of a product ma kes a difference. For example, a salesperson who wants to sell a life assurance policy to a customer may need to push for the product by emulating the 5 stages. This is based on the fact that customer may offer a stronger resistance. However, in case of a product such bottled water a salesperson may not necessarily push using all the 5 stages. One of the major expectations of the sales professional is to increase the number of clients resulting in higher commission or salary. As one enters the field of sales, he or she may have less number of customers since the customers are not aware of his products or services regardless of their quality. Through effective promotion, more customers become aware of the products or services in the market.  Ã‚  

New Pharmaceuticals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

New Pharmaceuticals - Essay Example Secondly, the labeling of the drug is verified and its contents are determined. Thirdly, the methods of manufacturing adopted are verified for their effectiveness in retaining the drug’s â€Å"identity, strength, quality and purity† in adequate measures. The NDA has been so designed as to reveal the whole history behind development the drug such as animal studies, human clinical trials, mechanism of action of the drug on the body, methods of manufacture and packaging (NewDrugApplication). Development Process Discovery or invention of a new drug usually involves selecting a few say five out of more than 5,000 new compounds that are considered safe enough to conduct trials in humans and pre-clinical evaluations lasting for three to six years. From the five compounds selected, only one is approved by the FDA for introduction in the market for treatment. The research process involves the following sequence; Target identification, target prioritization/validation, lead ident ification and lead optimization. Once the drug is optimized through in vivo and in vitro studies involving animals, it is used in human volunteers as an investigational drug. There are a number of phases of testing of drug on humans consisting of Phase I Clinical studies, Phase II clinical studies, Phase III clinical studies, Phase IIIb/IV studies and Post Approval studies. Phase I meant for verification of safety and tolerability in humans lasts for six to nine months. Usually 20 to 100 healthy volunteers are given the investigational drug for a short term for documentation as to how the drugs is absorbed, distributed, metabolized in the body and excreted from the body. Phase II determines the effectiveness and further safety of the candidate drug on the humans. This phase would last for a period of six months to three years. In Phase III, the drug undergoes randomized and blind clinical trials involving several hundred to thousands of volunteering patients for whose diseases the d rug is intended. Phase III b is usually the immediate pre-approval stage. Post approval stage involves testing of the drug introduced in the market focusing on unknown side effects and other risk factors (PPD). Cost of development It has been estimated that new drug discoveries have increased human life expectancy and economic gains from new drugs are estimated to be more than $ 500 billion per year. In view of the above said prolonged development phases, a company has to incur costs not less than $ 800 million to $ 2 billion per drug. In once instance, Pfizer has reported an investment of $ 800 million for Phase III trials alone for one drug. The cost is huge because the U.S. F.D.A. approves just one drug out of five compounds selected out of 5,000 to 10,000 compounds originally studied. It takes at least 12 to 15 years for discovery and development of a drug. Though the patent period is 20 years for a drug, effective period available to the drug developer is hardly 12 years in vie w of the time consumed in the developmental period when the drug developer is allowed to use the drug along the way on volunteers (Masia n d ) Works Cited Masia, Neal. The Cost of Developing a New Drug, Focus on Intellectual Prperty Rights. n.d . 27 March 2011

Nuclear proliferation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Nuclear proliferation - Essay Example Since campaigning for office, Barack Obama has frequently mentioned that, â€Å"in an ideal world, there would be no nuclear weapons†. The main goal of this essay is to evaluate this and explain why I agree or disagree with it.What I will argue is that the possession of nuclear weapons has in fact deterred and stopped a nuclear war. In fact, nuclear proliferation does not increase the risk of war, it prevents it. Based on what I will argue there is, even more, chance of a major war between states if there are no nuclear weapons.In the first section of this essay, I will analyze the theories that relate to this argument of further spread of nuclear weapons. To do that I will look into Kenneth Waltz’s theory of neo-realism and his thought on nuclear proliferation. I will also look into the theories like security dilemma, Mutual assured destruction and nuclear deterrence. In the second section I will analyse these theories in relation to the theoretical background. After t hat I will give my concluding remarks. The reference in this essay are in a Chicago style, both in the bibliography and footnotes.Neo-realism or structural realism is a theory which places emphasis on that ideology that the international system is anarchic. What is meant by this is that there is no higher government or an international police. The result of this is that states constantly try to increase their security and that is done with more power. The theory assumes that statesmen think and act in terms of self-interest defined as power.

Historical Relationship Between Art and Music

Historical Relationship Between Art and Music Referring to key examples, identify and discuss the historical relationship between art and popular music, using key examples to support your argument. Some people would think that art and popular music have no combined points of reference, and that each is a completely separate unit, with each subject trying to achieve several different goals. However my intentions are to prove that this is not true. I believe that they have linked many times in the past particularly during the creation of the Dada movement in 1916. Hugo Ball composed sound poems and performed them at Cabaret Voltaire, a club he opened that consisted of an artists club, exhibition room, pub and theatre all rolled into one, it showed several styles of artistic performances. He believed others like him were interested not only in enjoying their independence but also giving proof of it. On July 23rd 1916 Hugo Ball recited his sound poem Karawane. It contained seventeen lines of text, which have no meaning but was successful for the resonance of the tone and in the manner it was performed. The visual version is also congratulated for the several styles of font used to decipher different emotions. For example, a sort of undulatory motion is produced by the alternative use of italics and roman type, while the left column produces a soothing effect. Cabaret Voltaire and founder Hugo Ball were the main creators of the Dada movement in Zurich 1917. The Dada movement is believed to be the co-founder of contemporary art. Contemporary art a s we know it could not have come into existence without Dada. It was breaking down and merging the differences between the several art forms as a response to World War 1. Richard Huelsenbeck was a close friend of Hugo Ball, who also recited on the 30th March at Cabaret Voltaire and was also associated with the Dada movement. Although he believed Dada needed to be stronger and more political and in 1919 set up his own club, Club Dada in Berlin. He was regarded as arrogant, and thats how he looks. His nostrils vibrate, his eyebrows are arched, and was not liked by the public. His work and several of the Club Dada creators were more political than the other Dada-groups they released convincing magazines to illustrate their beliefs through photomontages and manifestos. His works include The end of the world and Don Inigo de Loyola, which were more obviously political than that of Hugo Ball. Louis Armstrong was one of the first jazz musicians to experiment with his vocal techniques. By improvising the original composed music, and creating sound on the spot, he created skat singing. He is still well known as one of the greatest jazz musicians today for his spontaneity, and amazingly quick, inventive musical mind. I believe this is a good example of the kind of performances that would be shown at the Cabaret Voltaire, although he did not. I believe it is possible that, through horizontal and vertical lines constructed with awareness, but not with calculation, led by high intuition, and brought to harmony and rhythm, these basic forms of beauty, supplemented if necessary by other direct lines or curves, can become a work of art, as strong as it is true. Piet Mondrian Piet Mondrian was influenced by music, particularly the style that surrounded him whilst in New York. In particular his piece Victory Boogie Woogie 1942 44 (which was not named by him but based on his original piece Broadway Boogie Woogie 1942-43) was based on a title for a song and type of dance, which was extremely popular at the time and still heard of today. Among his collection of records, was the album Boogie Woogie from 1942, the inspiration behind two of his most famous works. Set in the Jazz period the piece represented the short melody lines that were interrupted by open rhythmical patterns as seen and heard in Jazz music. He would use plastic and bits of paper to illustrate and create new rhythms across the canvas, and create a busy, fast work to reflect the upbeat music and the bustling environment of New York. Jazz music played a big role in Mondrians work both as jazz music and modern art depend a great deal on improvisation. Like jazz where an artist will never play the same thing twice, Mondrian also would rely on instinct and natural ability to present his work. It presents a sense of randomness and how the artist was feeling at that particular time, which is found throughout many other artist movements. Jakob van Domselaer was a composer of the works Proeven van Stijlkunst (Experiments in Artistic Style) and a close friend of Mondrian. His work was inspired by Mondrian and the art movement De Stijl, which represented using simplicity, limited colours and using horizontal and vertical lines. Walter Gropius was the founder of Bauhaus school of art and design in Germany 1919. It revolutionised the art industry by replacing the traditional pupil-teacher relationship with the idea of a community of artists working together. It combined artists from all creative industries and allowed people to be creative and meet creative people. It was very influential and housed several well known artists including Kandinsky and Klee. Walter Gropius was a lover of art and music, therefore inspired art students to start musical groups and blend with people from other creative industries, which was important for the progression of art to inspire new, creative ideas from both sides. The Bauhaus Jazz Band in 1927 played the Charleston on the Bauhaus Roof which originally inspired this link of art and music, and was the main reason for starting the trend of artists creating bands. Bauhaus, Dancing on the Roof focuses only on that exhilarating moment when utopian dreams, uncertain ties, and fresh visions. The sixties was a massive decade for both art and music, with great pieces of work being produced from both the fine arts and the performance arts. The Beatles are one of the main well known music group that connect art to music, as most of the members were artists before creating the band. Also Stuart Sutcliffe, a previous bass player for the Beatles, dropped out and started doing art. (Stuart Sutcliffe Untitled 1961-62). When the Beatles first began 50% of the fans that would see them perform were art students including Astrid Kirchherr a photographer that would take pictures of them. George: Astrid was the one, really, who influenced our image more than anybody. She made us look good. She was the one who had the lather kecks and the Beatles haircut.. Sam Walsh used to jokingly call themselves jazz artists rather than pop, believing that their art owed more to the free-form improvisation of American artists During this time, music and art formed together like never before, with bot h artists and musician practising together. Adrian Henri statement : to the cataclysmic effect of the Beatles and Merseybeat in general; yet the visual arts (and poetry) benefited from the sheer headiness, the excitement of the time, as well as the attention generated by the music. In the late 1960s the musicians, clubs and pubs surrounded the school of art, creating a bond between the two creative areas. With John Lennon and Stuart Sutcliffe being pupils of the art school, they were exposed to the musical talent surrounding them. The Beatles revolver album was released on the 5th of august 1966 which reached number 1 in both the UK and the USA. The cover illustration was created by German-born bassist and artist Klaus Voormann. The image is mainly a simplistic line drawing but also using very recognisable aspects of each member of the band. It is also done in a collage style where a lot of images are placed in between them which consist of more detailed images of characters taken by Robert Whitaker. It was stated to be a part of the phycodellic era, you also perceive this sense from the other albums that they have done in the sixties, by the way in which the surrealist art comes through. The infamous butcher cover Yesterday and Today has now become famous in the album art subject matter because of how controversial it was and has been called the Beatles album of all time. Shot by photographer Robert Whitaker, (who had also done other covers with the Beatles), the image shows the band sat down smiling while covered in decapitated baby dolls and pieces of meat while the four of them are dressed in butchers aprons this image proved to be too strong and was quickly banned, some DJs even refused to play it. Which, if you compare it to some of the art of today, it would be seen as acceptable, as freedom to a subject matter is an asset to the modern art world. Not only was their album art banned, but also some of their music, on the grounds that it could encourage a permissive attitude towards drugs, which also connects to the era, in which drug taking was popular. Their other album covers consisted of many modern artists including Robert Fraser, Robert Blake and Peter Blak e. Although Peter Blake, may be well known for his cover St Pepper, in fact his wife Jan Howarth created this design with him. John Lennon enjoyed experimentation with sound along with artist and wife Yoko Ono. They would create tape loops and use the technique Musique Concrete, a technology that allowed tapes to be cut and edited. Musique Concrete is defined as a musiclike art form composed directly on magnetic tape by the electronic manipulation, distortion, or transformation of natural sounds and noises, as of musical instruments or rain. The Piece Revolution 9 appeared on The White Album released in 1968. This was made by layering tape loops over the basic rhythm of revolution. Lennon called it The music of the future and whilst it was loved by many people who appreciated and understood sound art, it was also hated, particularly by producer George Martin who tried to keep it off the album. Paul McCartney, a member of the Beatles and Yoko Ono opened an art gallery, in the basement off a bookstore. Indica was opened during the late 1960s. It was where John Lennon met Yoko Ono on Novermber 9, 1966. During the exhibit His famous retort : an imaginary five shillings to hammer in the imaginary nail made them inseparable. This was the start of the experimentation with sound and art. In 1968 they released an album with this inspirational sound Unfinished Music No1: Two Virgins which was also famous for its controversial cover, that was slated and not appreciated by the public. Exploding Plastic Inevitable consisted of organised sound and lighting events constructed by Andy Warhol in 1966. His favourite group Velvet Underground performed there along with the showings of Warhols films and Nico. Victor Bockris said January to April 1966 was the golden period for the Velvet Underground and Andy Warhol. After the psychiatrists convention, Warhol shot a scintillating film of the band rehearsing at the Factory, symphony of sound, which remains the single best visual record of the Velvet Underground. They also recorded sound tracks for two of Warhols best movies shot at the beginning of the year, hedy and more milk yvette.. Andy Warhol was inspired by the times music particularly this group and filmed them. Using these as inspiration he created many current day artworks, which celebrated the popular culture, exactly what the musical groups wanted to achieve. Exploding Plastic Inevitable was said to be very heavy on the emotions, as it was loud and bright with stro be lights, colours exploding and the light-show could be blinding at times. Another example of a more modern link is the punk scene, which was said to have two causes. The first being a response to the environment and current trends, the second coming out of art schools. Malcolm Mclaren stated that he was responsible for starting the Punk movement in Britain and was also heavily involved in forming The Sex Pistols, and became their manager. The Sex Pistols were the first Punk band in Britain and formed the punk scene, along with the fashion and political values that came with it. Malcolm McLaren was also a fashion designer and an art student in the sixties; it was this that led the movement in its uniqueness of clothing and style. After The Sex Pistols and the punk scene, he became more involved in his burgeoning art career; he wants to be taken more seriously as an artist and calls them musical paintings. Malcolm McLarens video piece Shallow has been given great credit to his anticipation of becoming a more recognised artist. His work on erotica and music was becoming more popular with the public. Since I was an art student in the Sixties Ive been interested in the foreplay in sex films, Im not sure why intrigued by the blandness, the stupidity and the kind of innocence of these people who couldnt act but who would be paid to have sex. Sex films became more hardcore, and lost a lot of charm in the Seventies. Somehow this was allied to my feelings about a disappearing world of pop culture the images were how I imagined pop music to look. The feeling was the same as when I was 13 imagining a world of sex you might imagine or never possibly have, and listening to pop music. This is a perfect example of the link between art and music, I feel at this time it was stronger than it has ever been, with artists considering music as a topic for their work, or even having or creating music to enhance their art. Jamie Reid created the cover album art for The Sex Pistols; he was involved with the situationist movement and a strong believer in anarchy. The situationists ideas were very hard to accumulate, as there were several ideas about the movement, Situationists focus on their cultural ideas, particularly in relation to detournement and the development of punk. They believed in looking at real life, instead of false truths. Jamie Reids famous cover God Save The Queen was known as one of the single most iconic image of the punk-era. His work involves the cutting from newspapers and combining graphical work that has and always will be recognized for it anarchistic feel. It was loved and hated at the time and some of his work has been banned in the past. Brian Eno studied at art school, but became involved with the glam rock group Roxy Music, even though he had no musical background or playing experience. After leaving this band he became more experimental with his music creation, taking the idea of chance with lyrics and sounds, he started to see his work as art not music and called it visual art. He used sound in an abstract expressionist way, in the same way as Jackson Pollock. His work 77 Million Paintings was created in 2007, and is a constantly evolving sound and imagescape which continues his exploration into light as an artists medium and the aesthetic possibilities of generative software. This involves the combination of image and sound working together. He is known as one of the most important people to combine the art and music worlds, and is still continuing to do so today. In a more modern perspective, an example of the link between music and art is the group, Franz Ferdinand. Having come from an artistic background (Hardy graduated from Glasgow School Of Art, and Thompson also posed as a life model there) they would rehearse in The Chauteau, they were known to have rave-like events incorporating music and art. In their recent career they have been known to have artists and art references throughout their careers, including music video Do You Wanna, where several artists or art works are within the gallery where it is set. Although I feel this was to attempt to put them in an art music group, they wanted the public to know they were previously from an art background, making them more popular. Another example is their album art covers, which are obviously inspired by the pop art movement, as the techniques and overall appeal is similar. Graffiti is part of the hip hop culture that has been split up into various different art forms such as Graffiti, Writing, Dj-ing, MC-ing and break dancing. There is a very close culture between graffiti art and some of the big hip hop artists such as Dr Dre, 50 Cent and The Game Grafitti art has changed dramatically since its origins, with the likes of Bansky, a famous British artist. Not much is known because he hides his identity, (WHY) but he had start his rise to fame during the great Bristol aerosol boom of the late 1980s most of his art are cover such topics such as ethics culture and politics, Banksy successfully combines graffiti writing and a stencilling technique that stands out from all of the others. Graffiti has also been used on a wide range of album covers which shows a direct link from art to music such as Blur, a Britpop band who have used more than one of Banksys piece of artwork. This album Think Tank, has been said that it inspired some of Blurs music. They have also used Banksy artwork on another cover, Crazy Beat, which was taken from one of Banskys original artworks. This graffiti was destroyed soon after Blur used it for their single cover, the council simply painted over it. The image was on the side of a privately-owned building in Londons Stoke Newington, featuring a cartoon version of the Royal Family waving from the top of a balcony, the council thought that they were cleaning the building, branding that the graffiti was unclean. The image was on the side of the building for 8 years before they decided to do anything about it. I find the history of art with combined music to be fascinating. My favourite example being Charleston on the Bauhaus Roof because i feel the teachers influenced the students to start these art bands, if not for this i feel art would have not developed as successfully as it did. I also think that art and music have a strong bond because they are both very personal subjects, in that one person may like the work and another wont. Both industries have high demands to get out to the public and show their work, and hope that people appreciate what they have created. I feel the use of experimenting and combining all of the creative fields is expanding and artists and musicians will continue to use the creative minds of each other in both fields in the future.